<p>The Old Rondo Cemetery is located at the junction of McClure Road  and Cobb Lane in Rondo, a small community just northeast of Texarkana, Arkansas. The cemetery is best known for the burial site at its center, where the remains of 85 Confederate Army soldiers are buried. In 1862, during the Union Army advance on Little Rock, Confederate troops stationed at Rondo were swept up in a measles epidemic. The 19th Texas Infantry Regiment had seven companies stationed at Rondo, and most of the dead came from its ranks. The 85 dead were disinterred from their original graves and reburied in the Rondo Cemetery after the war. In 1931 the Texarkana chapter of the United Daughters of the Confederacy received federal funding for the purchase of the plot and the placement of memorial markers. There are 17 markers, one for every five of the unknown soldiers, as well as a sandstone monument placed in 1962 and a historical marker placed in the 1990s on the plot, which is set off from the rest of the cemetery by a low concrete boundary wall.</p><br>
<p>The Confederate section of the cemetery was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2004.</p><br>
<p>The Cotton Belt Railroad Office Building is a historic commercial building at 312 East Broad Street in Texarkana, Arkansas. Built c. 1910, this two-story brick building is one of the oldest buildings in downtown Texarkana. Its exterior walls have been stuccoed, and it has a flat roof behind a stuccoed brick parapet. It has vernacular Italianate styling, with two-story pilasters separating the front bays, and dentil molding at the roof line. The main facade is divided into three bays, the central one providing the main entry on the first floor, and an arched-top window above. The flanking bays are plate glass on the first floor, with tripled sash windows above. The buildings first tenant was the Cotton Belt Railroad, whose arrival was responsible for Texarkanas significant growth in the early 20th century.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2008.</p><br>
<p>Faenol Fawr is an Elizabethan ‘H’ plan mansion with crow stepped gables. The house is situated immediately to the north of Glan Clwyd Hospital in the parish of Bodelwyddan in the historic county of Flintshire, but now in Denbighshire. It was formerly in the township of Faenol, which until 1860 was in the parish of St. Asaph.</p><br>
<p>Thomas Pennant passed by Faenol Fawr in his Tour to Snowdonia in 1776, when he records: In a very wet situation, beneath Kinmael, is Vaenol; one of the best old houses in the county of Flint. It was built in 1595, by John Lloyd…. register (Registrar) of St Asaph in the reign of Queen Elizabeth; a place extremely profitable, before the powers of the church were abridged. An extra illustrated copy of the Tour in Wales in the National Library of Wales, has a water-colour of Faenol Fawr in about 1776, which shows that present building is little changed in appearance.</p><br>
<p>The house is listed Grade II*, as is the dovecote to the west of the house. There is another smaller and earlier house with a cyclopean doorway that is now joined to the main house. Immediately to the N W is the Old Farm House with crow stepped gables, which is listed grade II, as is also the large barn to the east. Facing the Old Farm House is a row of converted cartsheds The house was badly damaged by fire in 1980 and has now been converted into a country house hotel.</p><br>
<h2>History of the house</h2><br>
<p>In August 1887 the house was visited by the Cambrian Archaeological Association.</p><br>
<p>They reported that:</p><br>
<p>The picturesque manor-house of Vaenol, with its stepped gables, is an interesting specimen of an Elizabethan mansion, having been built by John Lloyd, Registrar of the diocese of St Asaph, in 1597, as shown by a shield of arms with the initialsI.LL. M.LL. 1597. His daughter and heiress, married William Price of Rhiwlas (near Bala), in whose family it continued until a few years ago, when it was sold to the Baronet of Bodelwyddan. Over the entrance door was carved the legend VIVE UT Vivas 1725, and other internal arrangements were indicated by the dates 1690 and 1770. The paneling and ceiling of the drawing room, with its shields and arms is handsome. The great hall has been subdivided and the stairs cut off in one direction, and the great fireplace in another.</p><br>
<p>A detailed photographic record of the house was made in 1954 by George Bernard Mason, as part of the National Buildings Record survey. This shows the house and farm buildings in a dilapidated state and provides a record of the house before the fire of 1980.</p><br>
<h2>Architectural description</h2><br>
<h3>The older house</h3><br>
<p>This is likely be earlier 16th century in date. It appears to have been a two storied, hall house, with cruck framing and stone walls. The evidence for the cruck roof is from a photography the Rev N W Watson, and this roof may still be in place. Cyclopean doorways have been studied by Peter Smith, who shows that they are distributed mainly in Denbighshire and Merionethshire. These massive arched stone door lintels were introduced at a time, probably around 1600, when stone walling was replacing timber framing and may encase an earlier timber structure. A much altered post and panel screens passage with three entrances, now in the hall area of the main house, is likely to have been removed from the hall in the older house. This screens passage would have been associated with the finely moulded beams in the older house. These moulded beams can be compared with similar beams at Maesycastell in Caernarvonshire and Perthywig in Denbighshire which are illustrated by Smith</p><br>
<h3>Faenol Fawr: the main house</h3><br>
<p>This house with crow stepped gables is almost certainly the house built in 1597 for John, Lloyd, the registrar of the diocese of St. Asaph, and then, on the basis of the date over the front door extensively altered in 1725 or slightly earlier. The house is H shaped with a further extension to the rear or west side. The wings on either side of the centrally placed are three storied with stepped dormer windows. Most of the stone mullioned windows have been replaced, but some of the original windows survive mainly at ground floor level and there are also some 18th-century sash windows.</p><br>
<h3>The dovecote</h3><br>
<h3>The farmhouse, barn and cartsheds</h3><br>
<p>The farm complex lies immediately to the NW of the main house. The farmhouse is similar in date to the main house and has crow stepped gables.</p><br>
<h2>Faenol Fawr Gallery</h2><br>
<p>White City is a residential neighborhood in Midtown, Tulsa, Oklahoma. It is bounded on the north by 2nd Street, on the east by Fulton Avenue, on the south by 11th Street and on the west by Yale Avenue. The neighborhood was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2001. The area includes 480 buildings, of which 325 retain their historic significance. Two parks are also included in the listing.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The property now covered by White City had been a part of the Creek Nation since the tribe had emigrated to Indian Territory. After the tribal property allocation, ownership of this piece of land passed to one individual member, Edward Crowell. Glenn T. Braden, founder of Oklahoma Natural Gas Company (now ONEOK), bought a large part of the tract from Crowell in 1912. Braden built the White City Jersey Dairy Farm on the tract and imported a herd of Jersey cattle. The farm&#39;s name refers to the color of barns and silos that Braden built there.</p><br>
<p>After Braden died in 1923, his children closed the dairy, platted the land and began selling lots for the construction of houses. Development of White City subdivision began in 1926. The development included a park named White City Park, but the name was changed later to Braden Park. During the first stage of development (1926 -1930), the lots were about 1 acre. The majority of the houses were built in the Tudor Revival style. Construction declined during the Great Depression and World War II. In 1946, homebuilding resumed and that became the year of greatest home sales in White City. Houses constructed during this second phase were predominantly Minimal Traditional style. Construction continued until the early 1950s, when the available lots were fully occupied.</p><br>
<h2>General description</h2><br>
<p>According to a 1999 survey prepared by Audley, the neighborhood contained 570 buildings. Of these, 442 (77.5%) were assessed as contributing structures. The other 128 buildings were assessed as non-contributing either because they had been significantly altered in appearance or because they did not meet the age requirement.</p><br>
<p>The survey found that one house had been built as early as 1915. The first two additions were White City and Glen Haven, both platted in 1926. Sanford Addition was platted in 1942. Glen Haven was amended in 1946. White City (@) and Bowlin Acres were platted in 1947 and Norton Addition platted in 1954. Audley documented that 11 buildings had been built by 1926, and 92 were constructed after 1949.</p><br>
<p>Oil and gas wells existed on the White City property, but these were shut down in the early 1930s. Underground coal mines were also in existence as early as 1917, producing as much as 20 carloads a day. These mines closed in the late 1930s.</p><br>
<h2>Braden Park</h2><br>
<p>The White City dairy had a stock pond that supplied water for the livestock. In 1926, this became the focus of White City Park. The size of the pond was reduced to about half its former size, a fountain was added and the 10 acre area of the park was landscaped. The park was renamed Braden Park and continues to operate as a Tulsa city park. The park has tennis courts, picnic tables and two playgrounds.</p><br>
<p>The Seward Plantation is a historic Southern plantation-turned-ranch in Independence, Texas.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The plantation is located 1 mi east of Independence near Brenham in Washington County, Texas. It is off Farm to Market Road 390, also known as La Bahía Road (later Old Washington Road).</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1832–33, Samuel Seward (1794–1870) moved from Illinois to Mexican Texas with Stephen F. Austin. He soon purchased 1,700 acre of land. Shortly after, he purchased 300 acre more.</p><br>
<p>In the 1850s (after Texas had become a USA state), the land passed to his son, John Hoblett Seward (1822–92), now married to Laura Jane Roberts (1838–1920). The main house on the plantation was built in 1855. It was enlarged and became the largest house in Washington County. The property also included barns and log cabins for slaves.</p><br>
<p>It was used as a cotton plantation prior to the American Civil War of 1861&ndash;65. After the war, it became a cattle ranch.</p><br>
<p>The house survived the storm of 1900. It still belongs to the Seward family.</p><br>
<p>The house is open for tours by reservation for groups of ten or more.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage significance</h2><br>
<p>It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since January 29, 2013.</p><br>
<p>The George Coulter House  is a historic house located at 420 South Pine Street in Florence, Alabama.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The house was built in about 1827 by George Coulter, a planter, lawyer, and soldier originally from Middle Tennessee. During the Civil War, the house was used as a command post by Union Army Colonel John Marshall Harlan, partially due to its location on a hillside overlooking downtown and the Tennessee River. The house was later owned by W. W. Slaton, who renovated the house in the late 1940s, adding a wing that was originally used as medical offices. The frame house is designed in Federal style, with Adamesque woodwork throughout the interior. Narrow two-level porticoes with Tuscan order columns on the north and south faces were replaced in the 1940s by porticoes with a pair of square columns and a central balcony. The original brick kitchen was formerly connected to the house via a covered breezeway which has since been enclosed.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the Alabama Register of Landmarks and Heritage in 1979, and the National Register of Historic Places on January 21, 1982.</p><br>
<p>The Sam Perley Farm is a historic farmstead on Perley Road in Naples, Maine. Built in 1809, it is a well-preserved local example of Federal period architecture, and is historically notable for its long association with the prominent Perley family. The farmstead includes a carriage house, wellhouse and barn, all of 19th century origin. The property was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Perley Farm complex is located in northwestern Naples, on the north side of Perley Road. The assemblage includes a large wood frame house, with attached ell and carriage barn, a detached barn, and a wellhouse. The main house is a 2-1/2 story wood frame Federal style structure, with a gable roof, central chimney, clapboard siding, and granite foundation. It has a five bay front facade, with a projecting central gabled entrance vestibule (architecture). A 2-1/2 story ell, also with chimney, extends to the rear. Attached to the ell is the 1-1/2 story shed-roof carriage house. The main house&#39;s roof has dormers that appear to be Greek Revival, and there is a later Italianate window bay on the east end.</p><br>
<p>The house was built in 1809 by Thomas Perley, whose ancestor (also named Thomas) was one of the original proprietors of the town of Bridgton (from which Naples was later divided) in 1763. Thomas father Squire Enoch Perley was one of Bridgton, Maines first settlers. Thomas&#39; son Samuel (1817-1881) was a prominent local citizen, serving as president of the county agricultural society, and in the state legislature. He was also one of the founding trustees of the school that later became the University of Maine, and was well-known in the state at the time of his death.</p><br>
<p>The Perley family is featured in the Voices of Pondicherry series written by Caroline Grimm. www.VoicesofPondicherry.com</p><br>
<p>Immaculate Conception Church and Rectory is a former Catholic church and adjacent rectory in St. Louis, Missouri, United States. It is currently the home of the Compton Heights Concert Band. The former church and rectory are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Immaculate Conception was the name of three different churches in the city of St. Louis at different periods of time. The first church was built at Eighth and Chestnut Streets in 1854. It was forced to close from damage and potential danger by the tunnels that were dug beneath it. The parish was re-established in 1874 at Jefferson and Lucas Streets. The second parish was suppressed by Archbishop John Joseph Kain in 1902. Six years later what had been St. Kevin&#39;s Parish was renamed Immaculate Conception when the present church building was constructed.</p><br>
<p>The original St. Kevins Church was built in 1876 at Park Street and Cardinal Avenue. By 1904 the parish was in need of a larger church. They decided to relocate to the corner of Lafayette and Longfellow. The United States had been placed under the patronage of the Blessed Virgin Mary under her title of the Immaculate Conception. It was decided to rename the parish Immaculate Conception/St. Kevin. The former St. Kevins church building was converted for use as the parish school, which was served by the Sisters of Loretto. In time the parish dropped St. Kevin from its name and became known simply as Immaculate Conception.</p><br>
<p>In 1977 St. Henry’s Church, founded in 1885, merged with Immaculate Conception. The parish became known as Immaculate Conception/St. Henry’s and was staffed by the Augustinians. The former St. Henry&#39;s Church at Rutger and California Streets was destroyed as a result of two fires in the mid 1990s and had to be torn down. The Catholic population in the area declined over the years and the parish was closed in 2005. The church and rectory were purchased for use by the Compton Heights Concert Band. They were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2008.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The St. Louis architectural firm of Barnett, Haynes & Barnett designed the Gothic Revival style buildings. Around the same time they designed the Cathedral Basilica of Saint Louis. The church was constructed of stone. It features three rose windows and a soaring interior.</p><br>
<p>St. John Nepomuk Parish Historic District is centered on the Catholic parish of St. John Nepomuk in the Soulard neighborhood of St. Louis, Missouri, United States. The historic district is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>St. John Nepomuk was established as a national Bohemian parish in 1854. It was the first such parish founded in the United States. At one time a Czech language newspaper was published in one of the parish buildings. As the parish grew new church buildings were built in 1873 and 1887. The present church, however, is largely an 1897 reconstruction. The building had been largely damaged in a tornado the previous year. The parish school, which sits across Eleventh Street from the church, was begun in 1869. It was staffed by the School Sisters of Notre Dame. In 1971 the church building and six ancillary buildings were designated a City Landmark in St. Louis and they were listed as an historic district on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972. The parish was closed in 2005, but the church building has remained active as a chapel.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Chicago architect Adolphus Druiding designed the Gothic Revival-style church. He is known for the many Catholic churches, schools, rectories and convents that he designed, especially in the Midwestern United States. The exterior of the church is composed of brick, which blends in with the other buildings on Soulard.</p><br>
<p>St. Liborius Church and Buildings is centered on the former Catholic parish of St. Liborius in the St. Louis Place neighborhood of St. Louis, Missouri, United States. The historic district is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and it is listed as a City Landmark in St. Louis.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>St. Liborius was established as a German national parish in 1856. The church was completed in 1889. The rectory was built the following year and the convent was built in 1905. The School Sisters of Notre Dame taught in the parish school from 1859 to 1969. The parish buildings were declared a City Landmark in 1975 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979. A decrease in the number of Catholics in the area led to a merger with neighboring parishes. It merged with Our Lady of Perpetual Help, Holy Name, and Holy Trinity. The church was closed in 1992 and many of the church&#39;s decorative furnishings were sold at an auction in 1993. The property was purchased by Hogan Street Partners LLC.</p><br>
<p>The church has been renovated into a private skate park, named "Sk8 Liberious." In 2016, it was visited by RasTerms and Depoe as well as Lil Wayne. In late 2016, it was featured on an episode of VICELAND&#39;s Abandoned.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The church building is a large Gothic Revival structure covered in red brick. It was designed by New York City architect William Shickel.</p><br>
<p>The Pawnee Agency and Boarding School District lies east of the city of Pawnee in Pawnee County, Oklahoma. Other names are: Pawnee Indian Agency, Pawnee Indian School and Pawnee Indian Boarding School. The District occupies approximately 29 acres of the Pawnee Tribal Reserve, a 726 acre tract that is owned by the Pawnee tribe. Black Bear Creek divides the District from the town. The Pawnee Agency was established as a post office on May 4, 1876.</p><br>
<h2>History of the Pawnee School in Indian Territory</h2><br>
<p>The policy of the USA Government toward the Native Americans was to get them to accept allotment (ownership of tribal land by individual tribesmen) and American style education. Together, these two things were expected to end the tribes&#39; dependence on the American government. Toward that end, the government had built schools on Pawnee land in Nebraska Territory, where most of the tribe lived by the time of the American Civil War. Treaties between the USA and the Pawnees had established that the latter would cede their lands in Nebraska to the government and move to an area the government had designated for them in Indian Territory. The removal had been scheduled for 1876. The industrial school in Nebraska Territory operated by the government for the Pawnees closed in September 1875, since holding classes would be impractical during the move.</p><br>
<p>For various bureaucratic reasons, the planned boarding schools could not be ready as soon as the tribe arrived at their destination. However, it was possible to open two day schools in February 1876. These could provide only an elementary level of education. Government policy makers held that a hierarchical system would produce satisfactory results. Day schools would introduce children to the English language and basic primary education. Those children who made satisfactory progress would move on to boarding schools, Boarding schools would continue the primary subjects, add more advanced topics and focus half of each day on "industrial education." Off-reservation schools offered more advanced education and industrial training.</p><br>
<p>Although planning for the boarding school was well advanced in February 1876, construction funding had not been approved. An 1857 treaty had appropriated ten thousand dollars a year to operate two industrial education (manual labor) schools. The Pawnees had expected to use the unexpended portion of the money to construct the new school. The governments Indian Office held that the funds were only to support existing schools, not to build new ones. By the summer of 1877, the Indian Office finally agreed that not using the funds to build the new school meant that the Pawnees would have no school, therefore abrogating the treaty. The construction contract was awarded shortly after. The new school building and girls dormitory were completed in May, 1878. However, other delays ensued. A cistern dug near the school leaked all its water. Later, it was determined that the cement used in its construction was still "green" (uncured) when water first filled the cistern. This was repaired, but purchasing school supplies was delayed in the Fall by bureaucratic delays getting the required approvals. School finally opened on November 11, 1878.</p><br>
<p>McClure documents complaints and problems that cropped up after the school opened. One was overcrowding. Agents regularly requested funding for a second school, as promised in the 1857 treaty. No such action was ever taken. In 1884, the Agent reported that the water supply had always been inadequate; water of poor quality had to be hauled from a source a half mile away. Official visitors found 39 girls sharing 13 beds in 1889. The sewage system was inadequate as late as 1900. Despite the lack of a satisfactory sewer system, there was a new building program during the 1890s that resulted in the construction of a commissary and carpenters shop (1891) and the Boys Dormitory (1892).</p><br>
<p>The original Boys&#39; Dormitory was destroyed by a fire in 1904. There were no deaths or injuries, but the monetary loss was estimated at 25 to 30 thousand dollars. The school sent some of the youngest boys back home and housed the remainder in other buildings. The administration also concerned itself about fire safety measures in other buildings. The burned building was replaced in 1909.</p><br>
<p>The boarding school finally closed in 1958. The Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) took possession of all the school&#39;s buildings.</p><br>
<p>In 2011, the Oklahoma Historical Society&#39;s Historic Preservation Office awarded its Citation of Merit for the rehabilitation of three buildings of the former boarding school. The buildings were: the former staff quarters, the dining hall and Pawnee Indian Clinic. All three now serve the new Pawnee Nation College.Recipients of the award were.Pawnee Business Council, Barrett L. Williamson Architects Inc. and Builders Unlimited Inc.</p><br>
<h3>Pawnee Agency Organization</h3><br>
<p>When the Pawnees came to Indian Territory, the Pawnee Agency reported directly to the Indian Office. By 1883, the Pawnee Agency was consolidated with the Otoe and Ponca agencies, and relocated to the community of Whiteeagle. The Tonkawa Agency was united with the other three agencies in 1886. A single agent oversaw the activities of the consolidated agency, and only a clerk was left at the Pawnee reservation to handle day-to-day administration there.</p><br>
<p>The Indian Office transferred all the administrative duties for the Pawnee tribe to the Pawnee School Superintendent. Previously, the Pawnee Agent was also responsible for the Oakland, Otoe and Ponca tribes. These duties were removed in 1902, leaving the school superintendent of the school and Pawnee tribe administration. In 1920, the Indian Office returned the Ponca and Otoe tribes to the responsibility of the Pawnee Agency, and added the Tonkawas as well. In 1927, the Pawnee agent was made responsible for dealings with the Pawnees, Poncas, Kaws, Otoe-Missourias and Tonkawas. The organization remained stable until the Pawnee Agency was made part of the Western Oklahoma Consolidated Agency at Anadarko in 1947. In 1950, the government established an Area Field Office at Anadarko, leaving a field agent in the Pawnee community.</p><br>
<h2>NRHP listing</h2><br>
<p>The Pawnee Agency and Boarding School District was added to the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) on December 28, 2000, with registration number 00001577. The Pawnee Indian Agency and Superintendent&#39;s house, also within the District, were listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) in 1973, under Criteria A and C. The period of significance is defined by the District NRHP application as 1876 to 1950. There are a total of 20 additional buildings/structures that are "contributing", and nine "non-contributing" buildings/structures in the District. "Non-contributing" structures are either modern or have obscure histories. and</p><br>
<h2>Contributing Buildings</h2><br>
<h3>Pawnee Agency Office</h3><br>
<p>The Pawnee Agency Office is a one-story building that was constructed about 1906. The NRHP application says that: "The 1876 Annual Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs mentions only one stone building and it seems more likely that this describes the Superintendent&#39;s Residence, as it refers to a combination office and dwelling." The building was being used for tribal offices and storage at the time of the NRHP Application.</p><br>
<p>The main part of the building is a hall and parlor, covered with quarry-faced, coursed,ashlar sandstone blocks, and has a full porch, with simple supports and a balustrade made of pipe. The back of the building has a gable- roofed, stone extension at the northwest corner, added in 1928. A small concrete vault with a hip roof was added in 1914, and a wood frame extension was added to the northeast corner at an unknown date.</p><br>
<p>McGuire quoted the Superintendent&#39;s report as saying,"...a fine stone building containing a room each for the superintendent, clerk, financial clerk and stenographer, and a waiting room for the Indians." In 1914, a two-room addition was built, along with a vault and a toilet. In 1916, a cellar and a hot water heating system were added to the building.</p><br>
<p>The work load had increased, increasing the needs for more staff and records storage space. The Agency requested funding for a replacement building, but it was never built. By 1973, the Agency moved its operations to a building in downtown Pawnee, and the USA Public Health Service had leased the former agency office building for use as a pharmacy. By 2000, the Pawnee tribe was using the building for office space.</p><br>
<h3>Superintendent's Building</h3><br>
<p>This is the oldest building in the district, having been constructed in 1876. The Superintendent&#39;s Building was unoccupied at the time of the NRHP application, when reported some significant structural damage parts of it. Originally built as an office and residence for the Indian Agent,it became the office and residence for the school superintendent around the turn of the 20th Century, giving it its current name. It is a two-story structure, built in Queen Anne style, of cured ashlar sandstone. It has a wrap-around porch supported by wooden columns which rest on stone piers. This is not the original porch, but a replacement constructed in 1916. A porte-cochere was added to the west side of the building sometime after 1916. The building also has a front-facing gable and a side-facing gable There is a kitchen with a shed roof on the south side and a hip-roofed room in the L-shaped space formed by the kitchen and the side-facing gable wing. Both of these additions are roofed with green composition shingles, while the main building has asbestos shingles. Originally, these structures had wood-shingle roofs.</p><br>
<p>According to McClure, this building was rented out as a private residence by 1973, when the building was listed separately on the NRHP. By the time McClure submitted her thesis (May 2000), it was unoccupied. She described its physical condition as "poor" because the many broken windows, though covered with boards, had admitted wind and rain; there were significant cracks in the floor slab and the stem walls; the basement walls were no longer watertight and the porte cochere roof was collapsing from rot.</p><br>
<h3>Pawnee-Ponca Hospital</h3><br>
<p>Construction of the Pawnee-Ponca Hospital was begun in 1929, and the facility opened January 15, 1931. It had a 55-bed hospital and an attached ward for patients who had tuberculosis. An unattached building west of the main building served as the nurses residence. The buildings were three stories high, with two and a half stories being above ground. They were faced with quarry-faced,regularly-coursed, ashlar sandstone. The main building has a hipped roof with a centered, south-facing gable. On either side of the gable is a hipped dormer that reappears on other buildings of the district. The nurses residence and the tubercular ward have pyramidal roofs.</p><br>
<p>The hospital was originally operated by the United States Public Health Service (USPHS) for the tribes that lived in the surrounding area (primarily Pawnees and Poncas). It was later converted to a health clinic operated by the Indian Health Service (IHS). The former nurses&#39; residence is now the clinic administration building.</p><br>
<h3>Home Economics Building ("Old Laundry")</h3><br>
<p>This building, most recently called the Home Economics Building, was originally built in 1909 as a steam-powered laundry and a carpentry shop. The laundry function moved to another building around 1922, and the space it vacated became a store room. According to the NRHP application, one former student remembered the building housed the home economics program in the late 1920s and early 1930s, but another student recalled it was a dormitory about that time. There is documentary evidence that the agency remodeled the building about 1930 to serve as a dormitory.</p><br>
<p>The building is one-story high and made of quarry-faced sandstone. Although there have been numerous structural changes during its history, the NRHP application assesses that it still retains its original integrity, including materials and form. McClure noted that it had electric lighting and stoves for heating.</p><br>
<h3>1932 School Building</h3><br>
<p>This building was constructed in 1932 to consolidate a number of functions that had previously been scattered in other buildings. It was said to have been completed in September 1933, and contained classrooms, offices, an auditorium and a gymnasium. This was the last building constructed on the school campus, and has several features not found on other buildings, including:</p><br>
<p>a T-shaped floor plan, with classrooms and offices in the cross wing and a gymnasium in the column</p><br>
<p>a portico in the center of the cross wing, with three round-arched doorways and, inside the portico, a double-doored entrance framed by a large round-headed arch</p><br>
<p>a date stone above the center of the portico bears the number "1932" and the name "A. R. Snyder", who was the school superintendent at that time</p><br>
<p>decorative arched porticos toward the sides of the front facade, with slightly recessed brick beneath them.</p><br>
<p>The main part of the building has a flat-top and hipped mansard roof which extends over each end of the front (west) facade, forming a gable over the decorative arch in each end of the facade. Each gable contains a fanlight. There is a flat roof over the portico. The gymnasium has a low-pitch gable roof with no overhang. The roofing material is a light colored metal, and there is a parapet above the ridge. Elsewhere, the roof is covered with modern composition shingles.</p><br>
<p>This was the main school building until the boarding school ceased to operate in 1958. The Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) then turned the building over to the city of Pawnee, which made it available for the Good Samaritans, a charitable service organization to turn it into a nursing home. The Samaritans vacated the building in 1972, when the city announced it would return the school property to the Pawnee tribe. The 1932 School Building was renovated in 1976, then leased by the BIA to become the administrative offices for the Pawnee Agency.</p><br>
<h3>Employees' Club</h3><br>
<p>The so-called "Employees&#39; Club" was built in 1927 to replace an older wooden building that housed unmarried employees who lived on campus. It now serves only as a storage facility. The new building has two stories and is built of irregularly-coursed, ashlar, quarry-faced stone. It has a gable facing the front and a wood frame addition on the rear. It also has nearly full-width front porch with a hipped roof, supported by four simple columns. The main building roof is covered with metal shingles. The roof of the wooden addition has composition shingles. Although the building is reportedly in good structural condition, the porch condition is poor, because of rot in the roof and floor.</p><br>
<h3>Girls' Dormitory</h3><br>
<p>The building now identified as the Girl&#39;s Dormitory was originally completed in 1878. The NRHP application indicates that it has had more extensive repair and renovation than any other building in the District. It was the original building of the boarding school, designed to house both boys and girls and to provide both classroom and office space. This original structure was constructed of stone and covered a footprint measuring 31 feet by 90 feet. A kitchen extension was added in the same year. A two-story frame extension was added to the front, projecting from the west end of the original facade. By 1890, a 20 foot by 50 foot, two-story frame extension was added which projected to the front of the west end of the original facade. This work included adding a veranda that wrapped around the front and east sides of the building. By 1909, then superintendent, George W. Nellis, decided to replace the frame extension with one of stone. The replacement was completed in 1912.</p><br>
<p>The original building design resulted in several structural flaws. In 1928, a visiting Superintendent reported that extensive work was required throughout the building to keep the floors from giving way. This problem was alleviated by adding supports for the sagging joints. At the same time, several partitions on the second floor were removed to better use the space and to facilitate evacuation in case of a fire. The building was remodeled in 1954, making unspecified changes. It was renovated again in 1976, before becoming an office building for the Pawnee tribe.</p><br>
<h3>Bakery Building</h3><br>
<p>The Bakery Building was a one-story, two-room building constructed in 1909 to perform the function of baking in one room and a second room, called the "milk room" for the handling and storage of meat and dairy products. These functions were relocated to the basement of the 1913 Schoolhouse about 1932. The old Bakery Building was converted to employee quarters by the mid 1930s. It was vacated before the turn of the 21st Century. This is a quarry-faced Ashlar stone building that has a hipped roof with gabled dormers at the ends of the roofline. The back of the building has a wood frame extension with a gabled roof, which is covered with gray colored composition shingles. The extension is attached to the northwest corner of the stone structure, causing the floor plan to be L-shaped. The extension has kitchen and bathroom plumbing features that indicate it was probably added when the building was converted to a residence.</p><br>
<h3>Employee Quarters and Guest Building</h3><br>
<p>Built in 1927, the Employee Quarters and Guest Building contained two classrooms and an office for the schools principal. After all classes later moved into the 1932 School Building, this structure was remodeled to serve as employees apartments. After the school closed, the building was converted to a fitness center for the Pawnee tribe. This is also a rectangular, quarry-faced, Ashlar stone building that has a hipped roof. A gable placed centrally over the front door (east side) breaks up the horizontal roofline. The original door was much larger than the present modern door, and the original door opening has been filled in to suit the change. The building has been assessed as "one of the most (structurally) sound on the campus."</p><br>
<h3>Laundry</h3><br>
<p>This building was originally constructed in 1909 as a storage area. It is flat-roofed, one story high and contains a single room. The 2000 NRHP application states that a 1916 photograph showed a frame lean-to addition, which was removed sometime afterward. The building is constructed of quarry- faced,i rregularly-coursed, rubble masonry, and has a gabled roof facing the front. A door centered on the front side is aligned with a door on the back side. The gable ends are shingled, and it has a front-facing louvered vent. The building was converted to serve as the laundry in 1922, but is now unoccupied. The 2000 NRHP application calls its condition..."the poorest of the buildings of the district." The roof sheathing is partially missing, exposing the rafters to the elements. However, the structure retains its original form, as well as some of the roof sheathing. McClure&#39;s thesis stated that the tribe had discussed demolishing the building instead of renovating it.</p><br>
<h3>1913 Schoolhouse</h3><br>
<p>This two-level building received its name because it was ready to be used just after the start of the academic year in the fall of 1913. The main floor was occupied by two classrooms and an assembly hall. The basement level housed a furnace room, a coal room and a storage room. After classes were relocated to the 1932 School Building, the classrooms in this building were converted to serve as the school dining hall and kitchen. (These functions had previously been housed in the Girls&#39; Dormitory building.) At the same time, the bakery and meat locker were moved into the basement of the 1913 building. There is no indication of whether the furnace and coal storage were left in place after the conversion.</p><br>
<p>The front facade is a symmetrical rectangle around centered double doors, although the symmetry is masked by a modern shed-like roof over a recently added ramp handicapped access ramp. The T-shaped plan has extensions on each side of the stem at different locations. It is covered with a hipped roof.</p><br>
<p>According to the District NRHP application, this building, "...is one of the buildings in the best condition on the campus." The building is now used by the Pawnee tribe to serve meals to senior citizens in their community.</p><br>
<h3>Boys' Dormitory</h3><br>
<p>The existing building identified as the Boys&#39; Dormitory was constructed in 1909, replacing an 1892 building destroyed by fire in 1904. This building is rectangular and two-and-a half stories high. The basement contained the furnace, a sitting room, a large closet, a washroom, and a toilet room. the first floor had rooms for matrons and assistants, an office, and a dormitory room. The second floor was primarily dormitory space. The original part of the building has a hipped roof, with a small gabled dormer at each end of the ridgeline. A hipped dormer, likely for ventilation, is centered low on the roof near the front roofline. The roof is now covered with composition shingles. A wood frame addition, identified as the "sleeping porch," was built on the rear of the original structure to house additional male students. A small stone annex, built in 1929 and connected to the sleeping porch by a frame passageway, housed the bath and washroom facilities (relocated from the basement).</p><br>
<p>It is unclear when the Boys Dormitory was permanently closed and the male students moved into the Girls Dormitory Building. The Boys Dormitory has remained unoccupied since then. Inspections have revealed serious roof leaks that have caused serious water damage. McGuire added that the building was in poor condition. She cited a report that said, "... the frame addition has suffered major water damage, and...roof and floor structures are rotted beyond repair.&#39;" Her thesis continued by noting that the damaged addition would have to be removed and totally rebuilt. Also, the bathhouse roof would have to be replaced and the interior completely renovated.</p><br>
<h3>Garage (1)</h3><br>
<p>Two garage buildings are located west and slightly south of the Principal&#39;s Residence. Both were apparently built sometime between 1912 and 1935, but there is no documentation of the date. The westernmost garage (Garage 1) is the smaller of the two. It is rectangular, and has one south-facing garage door opening and a gable roof. The building is in poor condition, since it has settied visibly out-of-square; the bottom of the garage door has been pushed into the interior of the building.</p><br>
<h3>Garage (2)</h3><br>
<p>The second garage is the larger of the two and is just east of the former. It is also rectangular. Three garage doors are located on the east-facade. The building has a hipped roof with exposed rafter tails. It is also in poor conditions, because some wood siding on the south side is missing and the garage doors will not close completely because the building has settled. The exterior is quarry-faced, irregularly-coursed, ashlar sandstone blocks.</p><br>
<h3>1909 Principal's Residence</h3><br>
<p>The Principal&#39;s Residence is the only survivor of three school-related residences that were begun in 1893. It was being used as a private residence at the time the NRHP District Application was being prepared. Little information was included about the building.</p><br>
<h2>Contributing Structures</h2><br>
<h3>Culvert</h3><br>
<p>According to McClure, the culvert and stone fill under the roadway where Harrison Street becomes Agency Road, over the ravine of an intermittent gully, separate the Hospital and Pawnee Agency Office Building from the Superintendent&#39;s Residence. The construction date is unknown.</p><br>
<h3>Footbridge</h3><br>
<p>A sandstone footbridge carries a sidewalk across the ravine described above. It has a center arch opening and an iron pipe railing. Construction date is unknown.</p><br>
<h3>Bridge (concrete)</h3><br>
<p>A concrete bridge over a tributary of Black Bear Creek the ravine bridge described above. McClure states that the Oklahoma Stat Preservation Office believes that the bridge was built in the 1930s or 1940s and is a Contributing Resource for the District.</p><br>
<h3>Walls (3)</h3><br>
<p>Three stone walls have been identified as Contributing Structures. One parallels the west side of Agency Road, just south of the ravine culvert described above. The second runs along the inside of the road north of the Boys Dormitory. The third runs north and south along the road east of the Emploees Club Building.</p><br>
<h3>Cellar</h3><br>
<p>A mostly underground cellar is between the Bakery and Girls&#39; Dormitory buildings. The portion visible above ground is the entrance.</p><br>
<h2>Non-contributing buildings and structures</h2><br>
<h3>Corrugated metal buildings (2)</h3><br>
<p>Two corrugated metal buildings (identified as NC1 and NC2) are west of the nurses&#39; home at the Pawnee-Ponca Hospital building. Both are utilitarian structures of relatively recent construction. The Pawnee tribe uses them as supply and maintenance facilities.</p><br>
<h3>Wooden sheds (3)</h3><br>
<p>Three wooden sheds (NC3, (NC5) and (NC6) are located inside the District boundary. NC3 is between the hospital and the nurses&#39; home. NC5 is adjacent to the rear of the School Building. NC6 is behind the Home Economics Building. The sheds are portable storage units with gambrel-shaped roofs.</p><br>
<h3>Memorial</h3><br>
<p>A memorial to the Pawnee Scouts, erected in 1986, is a three-sided metal pyramid, painted tan, and placed on a two-tiered concrete pad. The bronze plaque on the monument discusses the role of the Pawnee Scouts in the history of the Pawnees and the Indian Wars, and the removal of the tribe to Indian Territory.</p><br>
<p>St. Francis Xavier College Church is a Catholic church in the Midtown neighborhood of St. Louis, Missouri, United States. The church was founded by the Society of Jesus and serves as a parish church in the Archdiocese of St. Louis and for the Saint Louis University community. It is a contributing property in the Midtown Historic District on the National Register of Historic Places and it is listed as a City Landmark in St. Louis.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The parish was established in 1836 when St. Louis Bishop Joseph Rosati, C.M. permitted the Jesuits to establish a parish at their college. It was St. Louis first English-speaking parish. The congregation initially met in the colleges student chapel, which was dedicated to St. Aloysius Gonzaga. The chapel was located on Washington Avenue between Ninth and Tenth Streets. As the parish grew plans for its own building were begun. The cornerstone for the first church was laid on April 12, 1840 by Bishop Rosati. It was located at the intersection of Ninth Street and Christy (Lucas) Avenue. While from its beginning the church was dedicated to St. Francis Xavier it has always been popularly called the College Church.</p><br>
<p>Saint Louis University moved to its present location on Grand Boulevard in 1867. Archbishop Peter Richard Kenrick gave permission in 1879 for the College Church to move to the new campus. Plans for the current church were drawn up by St. Louis architect Thomas Walsh. He had previously designed DuBourg Hall, which served as the only university building for several years. Excavation for the new church began on June 8, 1884 and the cornerstone was laid by Coadjutor Archbishop Patrick J. Ryan. He was assisted by Bishops William H. Gross, C.Ss.R. of Savannah and Joseph Dwenger, C.Pp.S. of Fort Wayne. By the end of the year the lower church was completed and a roof built over it. It served the parish as its church until the upper church was completed.</p><br>
<p>The upper church was built as finances allowed. The original architect, Walsh, died before it could be built. The Rev. Henry C. Bronsgeest, S.J., the parish pastor, hired Chicago architect Henry Switzer to complete the church. Bronsgeest had the upper church modeled after St. Colman&#39;s Cathedral in Cobh, Ireland.</p><br>
<p>The church was listed as a City Landmark in St. Louis in 1976. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places as a contributing property in the Midtown Historic District in 1978.</p><br>
<p>Upper Pengelli is a farm in the township of Pengelli in Kerry in the historic county of Montgomeryshire, which is now part of Powys. The farmhouse is a timber framed house of Lobby entry type probably dating from the earlier part of 17th Century. A gabled wing was added at a right angles to the main house in the mid-19th century, when it was partly brick faced. The tile hanging on the house which imitates slate is mid-20th century. The farm buildings are an example of a small model or Industrial farm by the architects Poundley and Walker. It was part of the Brynllywarch Estates owned by the Naylor Family. It was sold in 1931 to Montgomeryshire County Council and after 1974 became a Powys County Council Smallholding. In the 1980s it was designated for conversion into a Rural Life Museum. It subsequently became derelict and in 2014 offered for sale by Powys County Council.</p><br>
<h2>The Model Farm or Homestead</h2><br>
<p>The design of the farm buildings are based on the design in Poundley’s Cottage Architecture which was published in 1857. Poundley was the architect for the Naylor Estates and worked from Black Hall in Kerry. The intention was to build a smaller version of the Victorian Model or Industraial Farms of the mid- 19th century. Poundley would have been working on the much larger farm complex which he had designed for John Naylor at Leighton Hall near Welshpool. Poundley published layout has been modified and scaled down at Upper Pengelli. The long spinal building with a central ventilator, that was for cattle stalls was shortened and pigsties and sheepfolds were parallel with, rather than at right angles to the spinal building. As in the plan the hay barn with its ventilated brick windows and the stabling is at right angles. There was also a root store for feeding the cattle and a raised seed store. The sheep fold later was adapted to be used as cart sheds. The farm would have been highly mechanised with a drive shaft, possibly powered by a steam engine, that runs down the spinal building.</p><br>
<h2>The Farmhouse</h2><br>
<p>This stands to the north of the model farm and has striking views over the valley of the upper Mule stream. It appears to be fairly recent in date, but the core of the house is timber framed. Upstairs there is an ‘‘Ornate’’ door opening cut into a wall-plate which is very similar to an example at Cilthriew, Kerry. and is likely to date the building to the early 17th century. A further bay was added to the building and a wing at right angles in the 19th century, when the building was faced in brick. The imitation slate cladding is fairly recent. In more recent times the house was split into two cottages.</p><br>
<h2>Literature</h2><br>
<p>Wade-Martin S Historic Farm Buildings Batsford, London 1991.</p><br>
<p>The Wotanstein , also known as Wodanstein or earlier on Malstein&#39;, is a small megalith or menhir situated close to the village of Maden, Schwalm-Eder-Kreis, Hesse, Germany.</p><br>
<h2>Geographical Location</h2><br>
<p>The megalith is situated on the south-west corner of the village of Maden, on an elevation between the streams of the Goldbach to the east and Henkelborn to the west. The land on which it stands has an elevation of 177 m. It is on the east side of the road that goes to Obervorschütz.</p><br>
<h2>Composition, Dimensions, and Geometry</h2><br>
<p>The stone is c. 2.12 m high, 1.2 m wide, and 0.55 m thick. The above-ground volume is thus 1.4 m&sup3; and given quartzite has a density of 2,648 kg/m3, the above-ground stone weighs c. 3.7 metricton. For comparison, the above-ground mass of Riesenstein near Wolfershausen is ten times more. The excavation during the Seven Years&#39; War (see below) discovered the stone is as deep underground as it is high above-ground. Therefore, its mass is closer to c. 7.5 metricton.</p><br>
<p>It is composed of Neogene Miocene (from to ) quartzite. In contrast to quartzites produced by metamorphism, the Tertiary sedimentary quartzites were the product of intense weathering of local Triassic Buntsandstein sandstones in a tropical climate. The quartzite does not locally outcrop (the next outcrops are near Fritzlar, Borken and Melsungen), so that the stone must have been brought to this place and erected.</p><br>
<p>The stone&#39;s longest horizontal axis strikes N065 ± 5° and it stands vertically. Therefore, the largest faces are directed towards c. 155°, i.e. south-south-east and 335°, north-north-west.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>It is not known for certain when the megalith was erected or for what reason it was placed in this location. However it is presumed from finds at other similar megaliths in the area (e.g. Riesenstein) that it was erected in the 3rd Century BC.</p><br>
<p>Later, around the 1st Century BC, it was most probably used by the Chatti to worship Odin, known in Old High German as "Wôtan" or "Wodan".</p><br>
<p>In 1407 the stone was mentioned in documents as deme langen steyne zu Madin (the long stone at Madin (Maden)). According to oral tradition, during the Seven Years&#39; War (1756-1763) it was excavated because it was rumoured that treasure was buried under it, but remains of human bones were found instead. They also discovered the stone was as deep as it is high.</p><br>
<h2>Legend</h2><br>
<p>The first Christian church in Fritzlar was built by Saint Boniface from the wood of the Donar&#39;s Oak. It is said that the Devil, who lived on Mader Stein (or the nearby Lamsberg hill), wanted to destroy the church with a stone. There are two different versions of the next part:</p><br>
<p>Either the stone caught in his sleeve, or</p><br>
<p>the stone was deflected by the upheld shield of the archangel Michael.</p><br>
<p>Either way it fell in a field on the onskirts of Maden. The stone was called Wotanstein. The marks and scratches on the stone were caused by the devil&#39;s claws.</p><br>
<h2>Literature</h2><br>
<p>The Augustus M. Garrison House is a historic house located at 600 Pecan Street in Texarkana, Arkansas.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Built in 1895, the 2-1/2 story, wood-frame house is notable as one of the city&#39;s finest turn-of-the-century Queen Anne style houses. It features the irregular massing, typical of the style, with a single-story wraparound porch with delicate spindled woodwoork, and a three story circular tower topped by a conical roof. The house was built by Augustus M. Garrison, a lawyer, and remained in his family into the 21st century.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on March 25, 1982. It currently functions as part of the House of Wadley Bed and Breakfast Inn.</p><br>
<p>The Passaic County Court House complex is located at the seat of Passaic County, New Jersey in Paterson.</p><br>
<h2>Old Passaic County Courthouse and Annex</h2><br>
<p>The Old Passaic County Court House and Annex are located at 71 and 63-65 Hamilton Street, respectively.</p><br>
<p>The Passaic County Court House was constructed between 1898 and 1903. It was designed by architect Samuel Burrage Reed and is an excellent example of Classical Revival architecture. The Court House Annex was constructed in 1899 as the United States Post Office following a design of architect Fred Wesley Wentworth in the Dutch Baroque Revival style. The county acquired the building in 1936 and the building was re-dedicated as the Passaic County Administration Building and annexed to the adjacent county court house.</p><br>
<p>In October 2012, the buildings were determined to be eligible for the state and federal registers of historic places. The New Jersey State historic preservation office made a grant of $20,000 to prepare nominations for listing. The main entrance of the old courthouse which had fallen into disrepair was restored, reopening in 2014. They were listed in 2015.</p><br>
<h2>Passaic County Court House and Administration Building</h2><br>
<p>The Passaic County Court House is located at 77 Hamilton Street, was constructed in 1968. to house the courts and administration of the county</p><br>
<p>The new adjacent Passaic County Administration Building, built in 1994, is located at 401 Grand Street.</p><br>
<p>The Brickett Place is a historic farmstead in rural Oxford County, Maine, United States. It is located in the White Mountain National Forest on Maine State Route 113, in the small town of Stow. Built 1812-16 by John Brickett out of handmade bricks, it is an idiosyncratic expression of Federal architecture in an unusually remote setting, and is the oldest building in the United States Forest Services Eastern Region. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982. It is currently used by the United States Forest Service as a seasonal visitors center, with interpretive displays about the areas history.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Brickett Place is located in a small clearing east of Maine State Route 113 in northern Stow, Maine, at the southern approach to the Caribou/Speckled Mountain Wilderness. In addition to the main house, the clearing includes a small garage (built by the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) in the 1930s), vestiges of stone walls, and a small parking area.</p><br>
<p>The main house is a 1-1/2 story brick structure with a gable roof, resting on a granite foundation. There are four chimneys rising from the interior near the side walls. The main facade faces south, and is five bays wide, with a center entrance topped by a three-light transom window. Wood-frame porches, an early 20th-century addition, line the north and west sides of the house, and a decorative hood of similar age shelters the secondary entrance.</p><br>
<p>The interior of the house follows a typical Federal-period center hall plan, although this has been partially interrupted by the addition of a bathroom. Some of the original trim survives inside, and is of late Federal styling.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>John Brickett was one of the first settlers of the Cold River valley, arriving in 1803. He lived with his family in a log cabin for a number of years, and began construction of this house in 1812, making the bricks himself. The house took four years to complete. Brickett did not own the land on which he built: it was part of a large tract granted to Josiah Bachelder in 1816, which was later incorporated as the town of Stow. Brickett purchased title to 50 acre from Bachelder in 1820. The house remained in the Brickett family until 1877, and was acquired by the United States Forest Service in 1918.</p><br>
<p>During the period of Forest Service ownership, the property has seen a variety of uses. Organizations using the structure have included the CCC, who used it as a worck center, the Appalachian Mountain Club, which used it as a hostel, and the Boy Scouts of America, and it has also served as a Forest Service guard station. The building was subjected to detailed restoration work in 2009-11.</p><br>
<p>Maungarei / Mount Wellington is a 135-metre volcanic peak located in the Auckland volcanic field of Auckland, New Zealand. It is the youngest onshore volcano of the Auckland volcanic field, having been formed by an eruption around 10,000 years ago. It is the largest of Auckland&#39;s scoria cones and has a near-circular base with a flattish rim and three small fire-fountaining craters. It is situated in the Mount Wellington suburb of East Auckland.</p><br>
<p>Maungarei / Mount Wellington was used as a pā, and its flanks, particularly on the eastern side, are covered in food storage pits and terraced house sites.</p><br>
<p>Much of the old lava flow surrounding the mountain has been quarried for industrial aggregates, and the large quarry to the north of the mountain once produced 7% of New Zealand&#39;s roading aggregate. The quarry has now closed and is being redeveloped for the Stonefields housing subdivision.</p><br>
<p>The name Maungarei is translated as "the watchful mountain" or "the mountain of Reipae". Reipae is a Tainui ancestress who travelled to Northland in the form of a bird. Mount Wellington was named by colonists after the Duke of Wellington.</p><br>
<p>In 1963, a 45,100 cubic meter reservoir was constructed near the summit of the cone. The largest at the time, this reservoir is still the fourth largest in the city and is currently used to supply the Saint Johns reservoir as well as the suburbs of Glen Innes, Saint Johns, Saint Heliers, Kohimarama and Glendowie.</p><br>
<p>In the 2014 Treaty of Waitangi settlement with the Tamaki Makaurau Collective of 13 Auckland iwi, the volcano was officially named Maungarei / Mount Wellington and ownership was vested to the collective. It is now co-governed by the collective and Auckland Council in common benefit of the iwi "and all other people of Auckland".</p><br>
<p>The Blue Hills just west of Bremerton, Washington, also called the Bremerton Hills, Bald Hills, and Wildcat Hills, consist of Gold Mountain, Green Mountain, and several informally named hills. Reaching an elevation of 1761 feet , a thousand feet above the glacial till that fills the Puget Lowland, they form a prominent landmark visible around the region. They are formed of uplifted blocks of marine basalts, the steep-walled canyons between the various summits being the fissures between the blocks . In addition to Gold Mountain and Green Mountain  are several other prominent peaks unofficially named according to their elevation :</p><br>
<p>Kitsap Lookout, el. 1,360 feet</p><br>
<p>(also known as Peak 1320),</p><br>
<p>Peak 1291.</p><br>
<p>Peak 730.</p><br>
<p>For a more complete list of hills see List of mountains and hills of Kitsap County, Washington. The name "Blue Hills" is said to come from the green trees appearing blue at a distance due to atmospheric optics.</p><br>
<p>Image size: 1218x200</p><br>
<p>In error messages: imagemap line numbers include comment lines.</p><br>
<p>This should be line 5.</p><br>
<p>Areas defined first overlap areas defined later.</p><br>
<p>Green Mountain has two lobes: merged.</p><br>
<p>Peaks of the Olympics:</p><br>
<p>poly 120 102 6 Dennie Ahl Hill Peak actually visible is unnamed.</p><br>
<p>circle 600 88 8 Chapel Peak</p><br>
<p>circle 620 86 8 Chapel Peak</p><br>
<p>circle 746 74 8 Dry Mountain</p><br>
<p>circle 800 72 8 Lightning Peak</p><br>
<p>circle 936 42 8 Mount Ellinor</p><br>
<p>circle 994 32 8 Mount Washington</p><br>
<p>circle 1158 36 8 Mount Pershing</p><br>
<p>rect 62 154 130 164 Entrance to Blakely Harbor</p><br>
<p>rect 1090 164 1218 180 Entrance to Eagle Harbor</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The Blue Hills are perched on the north edge of the Seattle uplift, an east-west trending syncline or arch between the Seattle Fault and Tacoma fault formed by north-south compression of the bedrock. (See Puget Sound faults#Geological setting.)</p><br>
<p>Image size: 784x500</p><br>
<p>In error messages: imagemap line numbers include comment lines.</p><br>
<p>This should be line 5.</p><br>
<p>Areas defined first overlap areas defined later.</p><br>
<p>circle 310 442 12 #Calad Dam</p><br>
<p>circle 222 204 10 #Tin Mine Lake</p><br>
<p>Green Mountain has a north and a south lobe.</p><br>
<p>poly 416 254 422 278 396 306 382 304 390 274 #Peak 11xx?</p><br>
<p>poly 392 318 438 316 426 346 398 348 274 356 366 350 372 330 #Peak 10xx?</p><br>
<p>circle 578 464 26 #Gorst</p><br>
<p>circle 550 54 26 #Chico</p><br>
<p>(on the south) is composed mainly of marine basalt flows and related volcaniclastic rocks (such as breccias and sedimentary interbeds) of the Crescent Formation, part of the Siletzia terrane that formed around 50 million years ago (early Eocene). is formed of slightly older formations of gabbro and pegmatite, intruded by dikes of basalt and diabase. Most of the dikes are oriented north-northeast (NNE), suggesting they formed at a time of east-southeast–west-northwest (ESE-WNW) extension. This is parallel to the Olympic-Wallowa Lineament (OWL), a major regional feature that passes just north of Bremerton which some believe shows strike-slip (horizontal) motion, but a connection with the OWL is yet to be shown.</p><br>
<p>Sharp downwarping of these formations has created numerous faults, including the dip-slip (vertical movement) Gold Creek fault that separates the two mountains. Strands of the Seattle fault, which east of here trend nearly due west-east, appear to turn to the southwest in the vicinity of Green Mountain.</p><br>
<h2>Mining</h2><br>
<p>Popular lore says Gold Mountain was so named on account of the presence of gold. However, state geological documents make no mention of any gold or gold mining in Kitsap County.</p><br>
<p>On Green Mountain, an old and much photographed adit near the headwaters of Tin Mine Creek is probably from the Chico "tin mine" the creek is named after. In 1895 it was reported that ore of three to five percent tin had been found in this vicinity, and the Cook Kitchen Mining Company had been incorporated with $2,000,000 of capital to develop the claim. An optimistic report in 1897 mentioned four shafts, one eighty-five deep, and there was report at the end of 1898 of a new shaft. However, in the 1897 report the means of reducing the ore were only "proposed&quot there are no indications that any ore was produced or shipped. Neither the site nor the company is mentioned in reports at the turn of the century on mines and mineral resources in the state. A report in 1918 said that there had been "no subsequent developments to indicate the authenticity of this deposit", and that a careful examination in 1906 failed to show any tin.</p><br>
<p>The only other known metalliferous mining claim in all of Kitsap county – the "Elmer Nelson Property" – is on the south flank of Green Mountain, just above Gold Creek. Very little is known about this claim except its reported location and that development appears to have been limited to a surface trench. Cobalt is reported as the primary mineral of interest, with no mention of gold, silver, or any other mineral.</p><br>
<h2>Hydrology</h2><br>
<p>The hills contain the headwaters of the Union River and Tahuya River, draining into Hood Canal south and southwest respectively. A number of creeks also rise in the hills, draining directly north into Hood Canal (e.g. Big Beef Creek, "the largest and most productive salmon stream on the northeast shore of</p><br>
<p>Hood Canal"), northeast into Dyes Inlet (Lost Creek/Wildcat Creek/Chico Creek, "the most productive salmon stream in Kitsap County, producing as many salmon as all other streams combined") and east into Sinclair Inlet (Heins Creek/Gorst Creek).</p><br>
<h3>Municipal water supply</h3><br>
<p>The hills have long been identified as an important watershed for Bremerton and the surrounding area,</p><br>
<p>as the Kitsap Peninsula has no major lakes or rivers, no access to mountain reservoirs fed by snowmelt, and the groundwater is limited in quantity and quality.</p><br>
<p>Moist Pacific air reaches the Blue Hills through a gap in the coastal ranges called Chehalis Gap. The Union River, which rises in the hills, was impounded in a deep valley on the eastern flank of Gold Mountain by Casad Dam, completed in 1957. The dam creates the Union River Reservoir supplying over half of Bremertons annual requirements. 95% of the watersheds land was purchased by Bremerton in the 1920s, and is entirely within the Blue Hills.</p><br>
<h2>Recreation</h2><br>
<p>A number of developed and undeveloped areas for recreation exist in and near the Blue Hills. The largest that is open to the public is Green Mountain State Forest, a multi-use, over 6,000 acre state forest containing Green Mountain itself and owned by Washington State Department of Natural Resources. The state forest allows camping, off-road vehicles, horseback riding, and hiking. The Bremerton watershed contains the eastern half of Gold Mountain with an associated restricted protective buffer, and is somewhat larger than the state forest. Entry to the watershed by the general public is restricted, but Gold Mountain Golf Course was built on city watershed property on the south side of the hills. Together the watershed and Green Mountain State Forest represent over half of Kitsap County&#39;s open space.</p><br>
<p>The Mountaineers maintain an outdoor theatre, Kitsap Forest Theater, in their 386 acre Rhododendron Preserve on the north side of the hills.</p><br>
<p>There is one 386 acre former shooting range, Camp Wesley Harris, owned by the USA Navy, and the private Kitsap Rifle & Revolver Club.</p><br>
<p>Other facilities include county and city parks, as listed below.</p><br>
<p>Gold Mountain Golf Course</p><br>
<p>Newberry Hill Heritage Park</p><br>
<p>Otto Jarstad Park</p><br>
<p>Pendergast Regional Park</p><br>
<p>Wildcat Lake Park</p><br>
<p>Central Kitsap Greenways</p><br>
<p>Navy Yard City Open Space</p><br>
<p>The Memphis, Paris and Gulf Railroad Depot is a historic train station at the junction of Whitaker Avenue and Frisco Street in Ashdown, Arkansas. It is a single-story wood frame structure in the Plain Traditional style with Folk Victorian elements. Notable decorative elements include brackets in the eaves and Stick-style woodwork in the gables. The exterior of the building is essentially original, while the interior has been extensively altered by multiple uses. The station was built in 1908 by the Memphis, Paris and Gulf Railroad, a regional railroad whose goal was to connect Memphis, Tennessee and Paris, Texas. The railroad was operated, under a variety of names and owners, offering passenger service until 1947 and freight service until 1993.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1994.</p><br>
<p>The New Rocky Comfort Jail is a historic jail, located at the southeast corner of 3rd and Schuman Streets in Foreman, Arkansas. It is a single story wooden structure, resting on concrete block piers and topped by a metal gable roof. Its walls are constructed out of stacked two-by-six pine, and its floor and ceiling are out of similar material, laid on edge. The main rectangular block was built in 1902, and an entry vestibule  was added to the south side sometime before 1928. The floor was later covered with a conventional pine floor, and part of the interior was partitioned for an office and bathroom. The building, which has served variously as a jail, city hall, meeting hall, library, and dance hall, now houses the New Rocky Comfort Museum.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1994.</p><br>
<p>Limestone Creek is a 25 mi long stream in Onondaga County, New York.</p><br>
<p>Originating at DeRuyter Reservoir near Delphi Falls, New York the creek flows generally north to its confluence with Chittenango Creek. The upper reaches of the creek drain the valley of Pompeys Hollow, west of Cazenovia Lake. The creek then flows past Manlius and Fayetteville, passing under the Erie Canal near Green Lakes State Park, receiving Butternut Creek from the west below Minoa. Downstream of there, it empties into Chittenango Creek which continues a few miles north to Oneida Lake.</p><br>
<p>The Limestone Creek Aqueduct, completed in 1856, carries the Enlarged Erie Canal across Limestone Creek. It is a three-span stone structure 79 ft long, supporting a concrete aqueduct and the old towpath (now the Erie Canalway Trail).</p><br>
<p>The Edwards Falls, about 50 ft high, are located on Limestone Creek near Manlius.</p><br>
<p>Fish Creek  is a moderately sized river emptying into the eastern end of Oneida Lake in Oneida County, New York. Formed by the confluence of its east and west forks near the hamlet of Blossvale, the creek flows southwest for 11 mi, through the towns of Annsville and Vienna. The last mile of the creek is channelized to form part of the Erie Canal, which joins the lake at Sylvan Beach. The creek drains approximately 528.9 mi2 of the Tug Hill plateau country in Central New York.</p><br>
<p>The largest tributary of Oneida Lake, Fish Creek contributes about 50% of the lake&#39;s total inflow.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Although the main stem is short, the East Branch stretches 42 mi, and the West Branch is 28 mi long. The East Branch contributes about 46% of the total flow in Fish Creek; the West Branch 42%; and Wood Creek, about 12%.</p><br>
<h3>East Branch</h3><br>
<p>The East Branch Fish Creek originates in southern Lewis County, at the confluence of Sixmile and Sevenmile Creeks about 10 mi west of Lyons Falls. It flows generally south, receiving Sucker Brook from the east and entering a narrow gorge, where it is impounded in the small City of Rome Reservoir. Below the reservoir it is joined by Florence Creek from the west, before flowing past Taberg to its mouth and confluence with the West Branch.</p><br>
<h3>West Branch</h3><br>
<p>The West Branch rises in marshes near Williamstown in eastern Oswego County and flows in a generally southeasterly direction. At Camden in Oneida County it is joined by the Mad River from the north, and is joined by Cobb Brook shortly below there, also from the north. Continuing southeast it receives the Little River from the west and passes McConnellsville, then flows east to its confluence with the East Branch.</p><br>
<h2>Discharge</h2><br>
<p>Most of the water in Fish Creek originates as snowmelt from the Tug Hill, a region renowned for its extremely heavy winter snowfall. Average annual precipitation over the watershed ranges from 51 to 59 in; some areas of Tug Hill receive up to 196 in of snow. Flows usually peak in April while reaching the yearly minimum during July and August. High flows during the winter (November through March) are typically the result of rainfall.</p><br>
<p>There is no stream gage on the Fish Creek proper, although the USA Geological Survey (USGS) operates gages on both the East and West Branches. The USGS gage on the East Branch near Taberg, recorded an annual mean flow of 543 cuft/s between 1923 and 2013, with a maximum of 21,600 cuft/s on December 29, 1984 and a minimum of 4.9 cuft/s on August 15, 1949. The gage on the West Branch was only operated from 1966–68, recording an annual mean of 425 cuft/s. Combined with inflows from Wood Creek, the total flow of Fish Creek into Oneida Lake exceeds 1,000 cuft/s.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The name of Fish Creek may originate from the annual fishing feast once held by the Oneida people at the confluence of the East and West forks. During the spring stakes were placed across the width of the creek to support a temporary brush dam. The Indians then drove all the fish (including prodigious runs of Atlantic salmon) from upstream down to the barrier before a second brush dam was constructed to trap them, at which point they were easily collected with spears and nets. The subsequent feast was divided equally between every family in the tribe.</p><br>
<p>After the construction of dams on the Oswego River, which carries the outflow of Oneida Lake (the Oneida River) to Lake Ontario, the St. Lawrence River and the Atlantic Ocean, salmon disappeared from Fish Creek, although they were reintroduced in 1997.</p><br>
<h2>Human use</h2><br>
<p>The East Branch is dammed once at Kessinger Dam, completed in 1909, which provides part of the water supply for nearby Rome. Water is diverted through a 1 mile (1.6 km) tunnel and a 7 mi pipeline to various reservoirs around the city. A smaller tributary, Florence Creek, has also been dammed at Glenmore since 1926 to provide water to the city of Oneida.</p><br>
<h2>Recreation</h2><br>
<p>The upper part of the East Branch is stocked with brook trout, while many other reaches of the East and West Branches have good fishing for wild brook, brown and rainbow. Between Point Rock and Taberg, the East Branch flows through a steep gorge known for its difficult whitewater. The 9.4 mi stretch, sometimes known as the "River of No Return", is rated class II–IV by American Whitewater. Part of the East Branch was considered for National Wild and Scenic Rivers System designation in 1978, but was not passed due to a lack of local support.</p><br>
<p>Bannec or Banneck, Banneg in Breton  is an uninhabited French island in the Iroise Sea close to the city of Brest in Brittany. It is situated at the northwestern end of the Molène archipelago, 4 km  from the island of Ushant. This island is part of the Parc naturel régional dArmorique and Parc naturel marin dIroise.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Located two kilometers northwest of the island of Balanec and four kilometers (2.5 miles) northwest of the island of Molène. Bannec has an area of eleven acres and is 800m long by 200m wide (2600 by 650 feet). The island is extended by Ledenez Banneg, an island connected to the main island of Bannec at low tide, but is separated from it at high tide. To the south, the island of Bannec is extended by two islands: Enez-Kreiz and Roc&#39;h-Hir. The lighthouse Kéréon is on a nearby island called Men Tensel ("snarling stone"), in the Fromveur Passage between Bannec and Ushant. Rocky shores predominate, but the south-east coast is a low coast consists of sand and pebbles.</p><br>
<p>Populated by a large number of birds, Bannec is prohibited to all visitors, except to authorized personnel on scientific missions.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>20th Century</h3><br>
<p>In 1918, the islands Bannec and Balanec were well described by a traveler as follows:</p><br>
<h4>Description of Bannec in 1930</h4><br>
<p>Pierre Bouis, who visited the islands in the archipelago of Mullein in August 1930, described Bannec in the journal Ouest-Éclair</p><br>
<h4>Description of Bannec in 1938</h4><br>
<p>André Salmon, in the journal Le Petit Parisien, describes Bannec in 1938:</p><br>
<h4>After World War II</h4><br>
<p>Until the World War II, like its neighbors, Bannec was inhabited by seaweed harvesters. One building remains, which was in ruins after the war, but was restored in 1979, this cabin is now inhabited by Bernard Fichaut noted geomorphologist, as part of an observatory of the famous "blocs cyclopéens de Bannec" (Cyclops Rocks of Bannec).</p><br>
<p>Bannec was owned by the family of Huon Penanster before it was sold to the company NOEL, which was dissolved on 10 April 1964. Following a declaration of public utility, the island was purchased by the Department of Brittany in 1971. Bannec was incorporated into the Parc naturel régional d&#39;Armorique on 30 September 1969 and the Finistere department entrusts management to the SEPNB, now known as Bretagne vivante (Brittany Alive) in October 1976.</p><br>
<p>The Florence Downtown Historic District is a historic district in Florence, Alabama. Florence was founded in 1818 by the Cypress Land Company, who counted among its trustees Creek War General John Coffee, future Governor of Alabama Thomas Bibb, early Huntsville settler LeRoy Pope, and future United States Senator and Supreme Court Justice John McKinley. The company hired Italian surveyor Ferdinand Sannoner, who divided the land into over 400 lots and named the town after Florence, Italy. The first Lauderdale County Courthouse was completed in 1822, and the oldest extant building in the district, the Gothic Revival First Presbyterian Church, was completed two years later. Most of the early buildings was destroyed by a fire in 1866. Development resumed in earnest in the 1880s as Florence&#39;s industrial economy developed with the addition of several cotton mills, and the Florence Wagon Works, among others. Other booms occurred in the 1920s with the construction of Wilson Dam, the establishment of the Tennessee Valley Authority in the 1930s, and during World War II as metals and chemical plants were drawn to the area.</p><br>
<p>The majority of buildings in the district are either one- or two-story brick commercial blocks, the older buildings having Italianate and Classical Revival detailing. Notable buildings in the district include the Art Deco Rogers Department Store, the Italianate Southall Drugs, the USA Post Office and Courthouse built in 1913, and the Art Moderne old Public Library, built in 1944. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1995 and was extensively expanded in 2001.</p><br>
<p>The Florence Wagon Works was a wagon manufacturing plant in Florence, Alabama. The factory was founded on the banks of the Tennessee River in 1889 by A. D. Bellamy. By 1904 the works employed 175 and produced 15,000 wagons annually at its peak. As motorized trucks and tractors replaced horse-drawn wagons, the factory switched to production of lawn chairs, swings, and other furniture. It closed in 1941. The site is adjacent to Wilson Dam, and it owned by the Tennessee Valley Authority. The University of Alabama Department of Archeology surveyed the site in 1993. Portions of 17 buildings and structures remain, but only in ruins. The most intact structure is a wooden trestle that carried the Louisville and Nashville Railroad line over a creek. The site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1996.</p><br>
<p>Mahlstedt&#39;s Ice Pond, commonly referred to as Huguenot Lake, is a man-made lake located in central New Rochelle in Westchester County, New York. Constructed in 1885, the lake is impounded by the Mahlstedt Reservoir Dam on a tributary of Pine Brook. The dam is of earthen construction and rock fill, with a height of 15 feet and a length of 7000 feet. It has a normal surface area of 14 acres, a capacity of 70 acre feet, and normal storage of 56 acre feet.</p><br>
<p>For years the lake served as a water supply source for nearby Mount Vernon as well as a successful ice supply business.</p><br>
<p>Several generations of the Mahlstedt family harvested ice from the lake, however, after refrigeration made the once-lucrative business obsolete, the family sold the lake and adjoining property to the city in 1922. The lake is currently part of Huguenot Park and the New Rochelle High School campus. It is currently used for recreational and environmental purposes.</p><br>
<h2>Freshwater wetland and stream restoration</h2><br>
<p>A restoration project on the extended campus grounds of New Rochelle High School was completed to stabilize the eroding banks along Stephenson Brook. The banks were regraded, biodegradable support structures were installed for additional support, and the area was planted with perennials, shrubs and trees to purify the water and keep the banks permanently stabilized. Upland vegetation was also added along the shoreline of Huguenot Lake to control erosion and enhance habitat for wildlife. Yellow and Blue Flag Iris were added because they naturally filter pollutants including nitrogen and phosphorus, as well as enhancing the aesthetics of the lake&#39;s shoreline.</p><br>
<p>The Kiblah School is a historic school building in rural Miller County, Arkansas. It is located southeast of Doddridge, at the junction of County Roads 4 and 192, between United States Route 71 and the Red River. The building is a single-story L-shaped wood frame structure, topped by a gable-on-hip roof. It has modest Craftsman styling, with some Greek Revival influences. The main entrance is sheltered by a hip-roofed porch supported by Craftsman-style columns. It has a transom window reminiscent of Greek Revival doorways. The school was built in 1927 with funding from the Rosenwald Fund , and was intended to serve the African-American community of Kiblah, which was established after the American Civil War by former slaves from a Louisiana plantation.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.</p><br>
<p>F.N. Burt Company Factory is a historic former box factory complex located at Buffalo in Erie County, New York.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The original section of the building was built in 1901, with additions made through 1926. It is an example of daylight factory design. The four- to six-story building is constructed of brick and reinforced concrete. The company moved to Cheektowaga, New York in 1959.</p><br>
<p>The building is visible from the I-190 and occupies nearly the full block bound by Myrtle Avenue and Hamburg, Spring and Seneca streets.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2013.</p><br>
<h2>Present day</h2><br>
<p>Developers under the legal entity 500 Seneca LLC (consisting of FFZ Holdings and Savarino Development Corp.) purchased the vacant structure from New Era Cap Company in March 2010. New Era moved out in 2004 when it consolidated its local manufacturing facilities at a plant in Derby, New York. into 195,000 square feet of unique Class A office space and 110,000 square feet of dedicated below market space for community and/or cultural organizations.</p><br>
<p>The project was designed by Chaintreuil/Jensen/Stark Architects LLP and Tredo Engineers. It was being funded through state and federal historic tax credits, state brownfields tax credits, and money from the Community Preservation Corp., with a financing guarantee from the State of New York Mortgage Agency.</p><br>
<h2>Tenants</h2><br>
<p>Once opened in 2015, tenants at the 306,000 square foot 500 Seneca Street building will include:</p><br>
<p>ABC-Amega Inc.- largest tenant on the fourth floor</p><br>
<p>Frontier Industrial Services and Frontier Group of Companies</p><br>
<p>Buffalo Collaborative Opportunities & Management Enterprises (BCOME) Buffalo job training program</p><br>
<p>Oracle - 6,000 square feet on the fifth floor</p><br>
<p>Leadership Buffalo - up to 2,500 square feet on the fifth floor</p><br>
<p>Bene-Care Agency - 4,000 square feet on the third floor</p><br>
<p>Nervve Technologies</p><br>
<p>Liberty Mutual - 13,000 square feet of space on the third floor</p><br>
<p>Tommyrotters Distillery - 5,000 square feet on the first floor</p><br>
<p>Provident Funding</p><br>
<p>FourthIdea - Advertising and Design Agency on the Fifth Floor</p><br>
<p>B. Layne Creations an Eco-Transformations Studio 697 square feet on the fifth floor, open to the public December 14, 2015</p><br>
<p>The Heathman Plantation  was a cotton plantation in Heathman, Mississippi.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The plantation is located at the intersection of Highway 82 and Heathman Road in Heathman near Indianola, Mississippi, in Sunflower County, Mississippi.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1848, James Brown built the Dogwood Ridge Plantation as an 8000-acre cotton plantation.</p><br>
<p>In 1871, James Martin Heathman, who was married to Lillie Brown, the daughter of James Brown, purchased the plantation. He renamed it the Heathman Plantation. He died in 1885. Three years later, she married J. A. Crawford in 1888.</p><br>
<p>It was later known as the Billups Plantation.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage significance</h2><br>
<p>The commissary has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since November 14, 2012.</p><br>
<p>The Jim Brown House, also known as the Brown-Bender House, sits east of Ira and Akron-Peninsula Roads in Peninsula, Ohio, United States. Constructed in 1840, it sits back off the road, up a hidden, winding and steep driveway. The house is a four over four Greek Revival House. This simply means the layout of the house has four rooms over four rooms. This style of house was popular in the 19th century in America as the country greatly identified with Greek philosophy and politics. The house is white, supposedly resembling the great marble architecture of Greece. Also typical of this style, the roof has a lower pitch and the entrance door is framed with wide trim. The two story house has a commanding presence, sitting upon a hill with two chimneys and nine windows with green shudders.</p><br>
<p>The land also includes several over buildings. The big raised bank barn was built in 1886. This barn, the house, and Jim Brown&#39;s grave marker have all been listed in the National Register of Historic Places. A greenhouse that was built in 1930 is located approximately one hundred feet south of the house. A small part of the farmstead is the orchard. There are a variety of fruit trees and grapevines in this small area. Thirty-five acres of farmland are also included in the property. Most of this acreage is located west of Akron-Peninsula Road. This land lies in the Cuyahoga flood plain since the river flows through a section of the land. It has been flooded numerous times. The house has not been affected by flooding since it sits a lot higher than the fields.</p><br>
<h2>Original owner</h2><br>
<p>More notable than the actual house is to whom the house belonged. Jim Brown, the owner, was a notorious counterfeiter. This man generally sold five thousand dollars of fake, counterfeit bills for one thousand dollars of legitimate money, taking advantage of the contemporary economy. During the Revolutionary War, the Continental Congress authorized issuing American currency. This was a further step to gaining independence from England, no longer relying on English money. At the time, paper money was produced by banks (approximately sixteen hundred nationwide), regulated by state charters. With seven thousand different types of banknotes, it was extremely difficult for anyone to determine which ones originated from legitimate sources.</p><br>
<p>Brown needed printing plates and other expensive equipment to start, and Brown was determined to use legitimate money to purchase them. One night, he took five horses from his stables and rode towards Pittsburgh, leaving the horses at thirty-mile intervals. In the afternoon, he walked into a Pittsburgh bank with a fraudulent credentials and certified bank draft; upon receiving his money, he rushed home, changing horses at each interval. Upon returning home, he immediately began splitting wood under his neighbors window, and when the neighbors wife came to investigate the noise, he learned from her that the time was 7:30AM. Investigators suspected that Brown had been responsible for defrauding the bank, but when the neighbor&#39;s wife testified that he was at home, the investigation was dropped: surely Brown could not have been responsible if he were already at home on the following morning. Brown employed an identical strategy several additional times, defrauding banks as far away as Boston, Massachusetts.</p><br>
<p>Summit County sheriff Sam A. Lane was determined to get Brown arrested, even though no allegation could be proven. Since Brown would disclose that his money was fraudulent, he couldn&#39;t be charged with passing counterfeit currency, as the law prohibited passing bad money as good. Brown himself rarely touched counterfeit money, but he was ultimately caught in the nearby town of Boston after returning from New Orleans with goods for resale. However, the crime was seen as of little significance, as the rareness of money caused local residents to prefer bad money to no money at all. In 1834 he was elected a justice of the peace, and although he continued his scheme, he was twice returned to office.</p><br>
<p>Brown was repeatedly arrested and tried, including twelve times between 1837 and 1840. Finally, in 1846, he was sentenced to ten years in prison, but his sentence was reduced to just three years for good behavior, as he had nursed numerous patients during a cholera epidemic in the prison. Nevertheless, he spent the following years in and out of prison various counterfeiting charges.</p><br>
<p>Brown died in December 1865 as a result of a severe fall while walking on a canal boat. A legend exists that Jim had hidden some of his wealth somewhere in the Cuyahoga Valley, and he died before being able to retrieve it.</p><br>
<p>Bear Creek Spire is located in the Sierra Nevada in Inyo County in eastern California in the southwestern United States and is the 46th highest mountain in California and the 225st highest mountain in the United States. Bear Creek Spire is part of the John Muir Wilderness and the Inyo National Forest.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Bear Creek Spire was named in 1908 by Joseph LeConte, James Hutchinson and Duncan McDuffie, because of its position at the head of the Hilgard Branch of Bear Creek.</p><br>
<h2>Climbing</h2><br>
<p>The first ascent of Bear Creek Spire was a solo climb by Hermann Ulrichs in 1923 up its west face.</p><br>
<p>Norman Clyde established the Northeast Face route in October 1931 and a route up the Northeast Buttress in May 1932.</p><br>
<p>The Goff and Gamble Merchandise Store is a historic retail establishment in the center of Gillham, Arkansas, just north of the railroad tracks. Built in stages between 1900 and 1911, it is one of the few surviving structures in the community dating to its boom years in the early 20th century. The first section of the building, built 1900, has a wooden storefront topped by a metal cornice, and is the westernmost part of the building. The central section, built out of concrete blocks in 1906, has an entrance facing north, with that elevation topped by a parapet. The eastern section, completed in 1911, is also fashioned from concrete blocks. Its storefront also faces north, flanked by pilasters, and also topped by a simple parapet.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1996, at which time it was still in use as a general store.</p><br>
<p>The Porter House Museum is a house and museum in Decorah, Iowa. It was the home of Adelbert Field Porter  and his wife, Grace Young Porter , as well as Grace&#39;s mother and father, until their deaths. On August 6, 1975, the house was added to the National Register of Historic Places .</p><br>
<p>The house is built in the Italianate style and is located at 401 W. Broadway in Decorah.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The house was built in 1867 for the merchant Dighton B. Ellsworth (1822–1896), an English immigrant who had come to Decorah from New York in 1955. In 1898, after his death, the Ellsworth family sold the house to Francis and Emma Young. In 1904, their daughter Grace married Adelbert Field Porter (known as "Bert"), who was raised in the house across the street on Broadway, the son of George Porter and Adell Field Porter. The Young residence became the home of Bert and Grace, as well as of Francis and Emma Young, until their deaths. Bert and Grace had no children.</p><br>
<h2>Museum</h2><br>
<p>In 1966, Porter deeded the house to the Winneshiek County Historical Society as a site for a museum, and the museum was opened to the public for the first time in 1969. In 1980, it became an independent organization, run by a board of directors.</p><br>
<h2>Collection</h2><br>
<p>Bert and Grace Porter had an interest in travel, and Bert developed a natural history collection on his trips through North America, South America, and Asia. His collection, which includes morpho butterflies from South America, also includes the rock wall surrounding the property (built in part by Bert Porter) and the family&#39;s personal effects, including papers, books, furniture, and china.</p><br>
<p>The Battle of Hingston Down took place in 838 at Hingston Down in Cornwall between a combined force of Cornish and Vikings on the one side, and West Saxons led by Egbert, King of Wessex on the other. It resulted in a West Saxon victory.</p><br>
<p>The British kingdom of Dumnonia, which covered Devon and Cornwall, survived into the early eighth century, when eastern Devon was conquered by Wessex. Conflict continued throughout the 8th century with Wessex pushing further West. In 815 King Egbert raided Cornwall from east to West which, given later battles at Gafulford and Hingston Down probably indicates the conquest of the remaining parts of West Devon.</p><br>
<p>In 838 the Cornish allied with "a great ship army" of Vikings to fight the West Saxons, but were defeated at Hingston Down. This was the last recorded battle between the Cornish and the West Saxons and ended roughly a century of warfare that began at the Battle of Llongborth in 710 (see Geraint of Dumnonia). The last known king of Cornwall, Dungarth, died in 875, but he is thought to have been an under-king subject to Wessex. King Athelstan set the modern day boundary of the county at the Tamar, indicating continued cultural distinction, albeit under his overlordship.</p><br>
<p>Oak Hill Cemetery is located in the city of Lewistown, Fulton County, in west central Illinois. It lies along Illinois Route 97 and 100 in the 1000 block of North Main Street. The south part of the cemetery is on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first cemetery in Lewistown, Illinois, was located on city lot 16, on land donated for this purpose by Ossian M. Ross, the founder of Lewistown. This cemetery was abandoned after a few years due to pressures from commercial development, and many of the bodies were reinterred in what is now Oak Hill Cemetery. The first tract of land in Oak Hill Cemetery was located in what is now the southeast corner and was approximately one acre in size. The second tract of land, north and west of the original section, was deeded to the Lewistown Cemetery Association in 1865 by Reuben R. and Ruth McDowell. Subsequent additions have brought the total size to approximately 30 acres. Only the south portion of the cemetery, an area of approximately 13 acres, is included in the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The first interment in Oak Hill Cemetery was Maria (Ross) Coulter, sister of Lewistown&#39;s founder, Ossian Ross. However, the dates of her death and interment are unknown. The earliest date of death on a headstone in Oak Hill Cemetery is 1829, but it is unclear whether that date refers to a new burial or to a body being reinterred from the first cemetery.</p><br>
<p>Oak Hill Cemetery is still in active use. As of 2015, there are more than 5,000 individuals interred there. Among them are some of the early settlers of the Lewistown area, including members of the Beadles, Davidson, Phelps, Ross, and Walker families. At age 108 years, (1759-1867) was the oldest person buried in the cemetery. (1799-1900) is notable as being the only person buried in the cemetery who lived in three centuries.</p><br>
<h2>Edgar Lee Masters connection</h2><br>
<p>A walking tour brochure is available from the City of Lewistown that lists the characters in the verse and their counterparts in the cemetery. This brochure also includes a map of the cemetery layout and the location of the gravesites of individuals linked to the Anthology. The gravesites of these individuals are indicated by numbered markers that are located beside the corresponding gravestones and are shaped in the silhouette of Edgar Lee Masters. There are 40 such markers, representing 52 characters from the Anthology (some of the individuals interred in the cemetery correspond to more than one character in the Anthology). However, there is still some uncertainty as to the exact relationship between the individuals interred in the cemetery and the characters in the Spoon River Anthology. According to Masters, 66 of the anthology characters correspond to persons buried in the cemetery.</p><br>
<h2>Prominent cemetery features</h2><br>
<p>Located at the south entry of the cemetery is a memorial to Edgar Lee Masters, highlighting his close relationship to the cemetery. Nearby is a "Looking for Lincoln" exhibit that is devoted to Masters. In a central part of the cemetery there is a Civil War memorial that includes a pair of sandstone columns (the so-called "Lincoln pillars" Lincoln&#39;s famous "Back to the Declaration of Independence" speech was given there on August 17, 1858.</p><br>
<p>Perhaps the tallest monument in the cemetery is the memorial for William Cullen Bryant. This was not the poet William Cullen Bryant, but a distant relative who was the inspiration for the character "Percy Bysshe Shelley" in the Spoon River Anthology. The memorial consists of a marble shaft that is topped by a statue of a woman.</p><br>
<h2>Notable interments</h2><br>
<p>Thomas A. Boyd (1830-1897), United States Congressman</p><br>
<p>Don F. Dickson (1898-1964), Founder of the Dickson Mounds Museum</p><br>
<p>William S. Jewell (1867-1956), State&#39;s attorney for Fulton County, Illinois</p><br>
<p>Ossian M. Ross (1790-1837), Founder of Lewistown, Illinois</p><br>
<p>Lewis W. Ross (1812-1895), United States Congressman</p><br>
<p>Leonard F. Ross (1823-1901), Brigadier General in the American Civil War</p><br>
<p>John W. Ross (1841-1902), Mayor of Washington, D.C.</p><br>
<p>Newton Walker (1803-1899), Designer of the third Fulton County courthouse (source of the "Lincoln pillars") and close friend of Abraham Lincoln</p><br>
<p>The Slieve Felim Mountains  are a mountain range situated in County Limerick in Ireland. The mountains are located east of Limerick and south of the Silvermine Mountains. Slieve Felim at 427m is the highest peak.</p><br>
<h2>Slieve Felim Way</h2><br>
<p>The Slieve Felim Way is a long-distance trail through the Mountains. It is 43 km long and begins in Murroe, County Limerick and ends in Silvermines, County Tipperary. It is designated as a National Waymarked Trail by the National Trails Office of the Irish Sports Council and is managed by Shannon Development and Coillte. The trail begins in the village of Murroe and follows the road past Glenstal Abbey before crossing forestry along the slopes of the Slieve Felim Mountains to reach the village of Toor. From Toor, the Way crosses the flanks of Keeper Hill in the Silvermine Mountains before following the road into Silvermines village.</p><br>
<p>Richmond  is a historic mansion in Natchez, Mississippi. It was the nineteenth century private residence of a leading businessman and agricultural landowner in Natchez.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The mansion is located on Government Fleet Road, also called Canal Street South, in Natchez, Adams County, Mississippi. The nearby terrain contains deep bayous and is heavily forested.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The property was originally owned by Juan St. Germaine, a Native American interpreter. though other sources use a ca. 1800-1810 date based on details of the original interior&#39;s Federal style woodwork.</p><br>
<p>In 1832, the property was purchased for $7,500 by Levin R. Marshall, a wealthy banker and planter who was the first president of the Commercial Bank. Improvements were made in 1832, and by 1840, the house had been extended to the west with an addition in the Greek Revival architectural style. A third section was added in 1860.</p><br>
<p>Marshall was a wealthy businessman and invested in agriculture, by the start of the Civil War he had 2,500 acres in Adams County alone, worked by 150 slaves and another 32 servants at the Richmond mansion. His total holdings exceeded 25,000 acres in three states. His son, George, married a daughter of the very rich planter David Hunt and resided at Lansdowne. Richmond passed to Marshall&#39;s widow upon his death at age 69 in 1870, and was still occupied by the Marshall family in 2011.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage significance</h2><br>
<p>Richmond has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since November 16, 1978. Its primary significance is as the home of Levin R. Marshall and the role he played in the economic history of Natchez. The mansion is said to have been one of the most significant Greek Revival residences and was one of the first such in Natchez.</p><br>
<p>Verlorenvlei Heritage Settlement is situated in the Piketberg District, South Africa. 32°19’ S 18° 23’ E. The settlement consists of surviving Langhius structures in what was once a thriving Hamlet on the shores of the Verlorenvlei. A remnant of this sort is unique and is the reason behind the site being declared a provincial heritage site.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage significance</h2><br>
<p>The Langhius is situated on portions 18-36 of the Verlorenvlei Farm and is owned by the Verlorenvlei Heritage Settlement and Nature Reserve Home Owners Association. The Verlorenvlei has attracted the attention of researchers from a number of disciplines such as archaeology, botany, zoology, ecology, geology, architecture and ornithology.</p><br>
<p>The Verlorenvlei settlement is regarded as a unique remnant of a particular way of life, with a distinctive architectural style which has developed from the first permanent buildings which were erected in the late 18th Century. The wider area is associated with extremely significant archaeological sites like Elands Bay Cave which have contributed to a greater understanding of the development of the human species. This gives the area both pre-colonial and post-colonial heritage significance. Clanwillam which contains many Rock Art and Rock Engraving sites and the meggamiddens found at Mussel Point.</p><br>
<h2>History of the site</h2><br>
<p>The farm was a loan place since 1723 and was leased to a various farmers until the land was graneted to Michiel Johannes de Beer in 1837 who later sold it to Theunis Erasmus Smits in 1883. In the 20th century various houses on the farm were occupied by Smits, Coetsees, Kotzes, Mosterts and others.</p><br>
<p>The distinctive architectural style of the house developed at the mouth of the Verlorenvlei, it is considered to be different from what is known as a ‘classic’ Cape Farmhouse which is typically a thatched T or H house with a gable above the entrance. The first buildings in the area were built in the late 1770s, later a large Hamlet developed around them during the 19th century when there was boom in grain and fish production. Many smaller houses were built around the main large house by the extending family members to form a settlement. Very few of these houses have survived.</p><br>
<h2>RAMSAR convention</h2><br>
<p>The Verlorenvlei itself is a significant estuarine system in the Western Cape. The importance of the vlei has led to it being recognised as a wetland of international significance and was designated as a RAMSAR site on the 28 June 1991</p><br>
<h2>Provincial heritage site</h2><br>
<p>The Verlorenvlei Settlement was declared a provincial heritage site by the provincial heritage resources authority, Heritage Western Cape on the 23 September 2014 in terms of section 27 of the National Heritage Resources Act. The site is hence a Grade II heritage resource and is formally protected under South African heritage Law.</p><br>
<p>The Charles J. Neif House is a historic house at 1410 Pecan Street in Texarkana, Arkansas. It is a single-story wood frame structure clad in novelty siding. The house has a poorly-documented construction history, but is distinctive as a well-preserved Craftsman-style bungalow in a neighborhood of later and larger houses. The land on which it stands was subdivided for development in 1894, and a house had been built on the land by 1905, probably by Charles Neif. In 1910 the property was acquired by Albert T. ONeill, whose family lived their until 1915. It appears likely that ONeill gave the earlier structure its Craftsman appearance, with broad overhangs and exposed rafters, although evidence of its earlier history survives in its one-over-one windows, which are a form more typically found in turn-of-the-century construction.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1994.</p><br>
<p>The Vesta Battery Corporation , known until 1929 as the Vesta Accumulator Company, was an American manufacturer of automobile electrical gear. Based in Chicago, Illinois, the company was founded by a former garment worker in 1897. Originally intending to sell parts for electric bicycles, the company quickly diversified to manufacture electrical goods for the burgeoning automobile industry. At its peak, the company had branches in ten American cities. Vesta continued operations until it was purchased by Associated Battery Makers in 1964. Its 1913 factory in Chicago is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>David P. Perry founded the Vesta Accumulator Company in Chicago, Illinois. A native of Painesville, Ohio, Perry had worked in a garment factory early in his life. An interest in electricity led him to join the Standard Electrical Company in Chicago. He became general manager of the organization and also did some work for the Hyde Park Electric Light & Power Company. In 1897, Perry leased 1,000 ft&sup2; of space at 53 South Dearborn Street and founded Vesta to manufacture storage batteries and electric bicycle lamps. The Vesta Accumulator Company was officially incorporated later that year with the following officers: president E. Davis, vice president E. E. Crepin, and secretary & treasurer Charles E. Gregory. The next February, Perry assumed the company presidency.</p><br>
<p>Company executives quickly realized that great profit could be made supplying electrical gear for the growing automobile market. Vesta expanded into the production of generators, ignition batteries, headlights, lamps, and lighting. By 1902, the company needed a larger space to manufacture its products. Vesta relocated to 266 State Street, but only remained for three years until they decided to split office and manufacturing into separate facilities. In 1905, the company built a general office opened at 1336 Michigan Boulevard while they leased factory space at 1521 Wabash Avenue. These buildings were part of the emerging Motor Row District, a stretch of buildings from Wabash to Indiana Avenues from 12th Street to 26th Street.</p><br>
<p>When the company again needed additional space, Vesta purchased the Mt. Sinai Temple on the southwest corner of 21st Street and Indiana Avenue. The temple was demolished, and in its place, Vesta built a four-story factory, the first built to the company&#39;s specifications. Chicago architect Carl M. Almquist was commissioned to design the building. All operations were again consolidated into the $80,000 building; offices were on the first floor while factory operations were in the basement and upper two stories. Vesta moved in in 1913. The rear of the building featured a service station where customers could bring their automobiles to have the batteries serviced. Vesta became a regional leader in battery production and produced the first battery-supplied electrical lighting for commercial trucks.</p><br>
<p>Over the next fifteen years, Vesta expanded their operations, opening branches in New York City, Boston, Atlanta, St. Louis, Kansas City, Cleveland, Pittsburgh, Louisville, and Omaha. In 1920, Vesta opened a sales and battery service station at the corner of 29th Street and South Michigan Avenue in Chicago to clear space to allow manufacturing on all levels of the factory. The station featured space for over one hundred cars and five thousand batteries. Later that year, the company officially changed its name to the Vesta Battery Corporation. Net sales in 1921 were approximately $1.8 million.</p><br>
<p>In 1929, Vesta leased a one-story factory in the Clearing Industrial District, nearly doubling their manufacturing capacity. The former Motor Row factory was leased by the Simoniz Company, a producer of automobile polish products. By the 1970s, the Cook County Department of Public Aid was using the structure. Vesta continued to manufacture car and radio batteries in Clearing for several decades. In 1964, the company was purchased by Associated Battery Makers and the factory closed. The 1913 factory was recognized by the National Park Service with a listing on the National Register of Historic Places on January 2, 2013.</p><br>
<p>The Dillon Graded School and Dillon Public School, now the J. V. Martin Junior High School, are a pair of historic school buildings at 405 West Washington Street in Dillon, South Carolina. The Dillon Graded School, completed in 1896, is a two-story brick structure with a projecting tower section. The tower is adorned with round arches and brackets in the eaves. The Dillon Public School is also a two-story brick structure, but it was built in 1912 and is Classical Revival in style. It has a U-shaped plan, with its main facade facing North 3rd Avenue. This elevation features a full-height porch, supported by square columns and topped by a full gabled pediment. Additions were made to the school 1936 and 1957, and in 1970 it was renamed the J. V. Martin Junior High School. Its central core was destroyed by fire in 1980, but was re-built.</p><br>
<p>The school buildings were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2014.</p><br>
<p>Paternoster Midden is a megamidden on the west coast of South Africa. This megamidden has particular value, as it is one of the few megamiddens in existence that has such a rich and diverse faunal and artefactual content.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>Most of the shell middens along the west coast of the Western Cape are small in size, and their content consists mainly of large amounts of marine shells and only very modest amounts of fauna vertebrae and artefactual remains such as ostrich eggshell beads.</p><br>
<p>Several middens have been found at Paternoster. One of these midden sites is known as PNNA, and is now referred to as "Paternoster Midden". This is a megamidden, with a unique content compared to other middens on the same coast. Paternosted Midden is a large site, 350 m long and 150 m wide. It contains a large percentage of faunal remains made up of small animals such as tortoises, marine birds, snakes, and Cape fur seals, as well as small and large bovids, such as steenbok, grysbok, eland, buffalo and even an extra-large bovid with elephant remains. The megamidden also contains cultural items which are rarely found in middens; ostrich eggshell beads (OES) are among the most notable of these finds. Other cultural items found were stone artefacts and unworked OES fragments that are likely to be the remnants of food or water containers.</p><br>
<h2>Provincial heritage site</h2><br>
<p>Paternoster Midden was declared a provincial heritage site by Heritage Western Cape on 9 April 2009, in terms of Section 27 of the National Heritage Resources Act. This gives the site Grade II status, and provides the site with protection under South African heritage law.</p><br>
<p>Mussel Point is another megamidden that has recently been declared a provincial heritage site.</p><br>
<p>Mafinga Central is the highest point in the Mafinga Hills on the border of Zambia and Malawi. At 2,339 m it is likely to be the highest mountain in Zambia. It is most easily accessed from the town of Chisenga in Malawi.</p><br>
<p>The peak was climbed in 2014 by an international team from the United Kingdom, Malawi and Lithuania, who measured it to be slightly higher than 2,337 m Mafinga South, another peak on the watershed close by. A more accurate survey is needed to establish for certain which of the two peaks is higher. Both peaks are found on the Mafinga Ridge, an area composed of quartzites, phyllites, and feldspathic sandstones of sedimentary origin. The Luangwa River, one of Zambia&#39;s major river systems, rises in the Mafinga Hills on the western side of the ridge.</p><br>
<p>The Harriet F. Rees House  is a historic residence in Chicago, Illinois, United States. Located on the historically important South Prairie Avenue, the Rees house was built for the widow of a real estate developer. In 2014, the house and its coach house were moved a block north in the Prairie Avenue District to make way for expanded entertainment facilities near McCormick Place.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Residential development on the Near South Side of Chicago began in the 1850s in response to newly-constructed rail lines. Prairie Avenue became one of the most desirable areas to live in the city, hosting millionaires such as Marshall Field and George Pullman. Harriet Frances (Butler) Rees, a native of Connecticut, was the widow of real estate developer James H. Rees.</p><br>
<p>James H. Rees became the city surveyor in 1836, then worked as a clerk and draftsman for former Mayor of Chicago William B. Ogden starting in 1839. He married Harriet F. Butler on June 4, 1844. Rees started his own real estate business with law clerk Edward R. Rucker in 1847. The firm was particularly noted for their introduction of abstracts of title. In 1852, Rees partnered with Samuel B. Chase to purchase 225 acre of Lake View Township, just north of the city. Rees left the abstract business later that year to focus on real estate.</p><br>
<p>The Reeses had one daughter, Carrie. They were charitable, donating to the Women&#39;s Hospital of the State of Illinois. James H. Rees died at their home on Wabash Avenue on September 20, 1880, from complications of diabetes. Harriet Rees decided to remain in Chicago. In 1888, then aged 71, Rees purchased one of the last open lots on Prairie Avenue for $15,000. Rees commissioned Cobb and Frost, one of the leading residential architecture firms in the city, to design a house. The house cost $20,000. Rees died there on December 10, 1892.</p><br>
<p>After the death of Rees, the house was sold to Edson Keith, Jr., for $42,500. Keith was an engineer for his father&#39;s company, Edson Keith & Co., eventually rising to become vice president. Keith was also an accomplished composer. Daughter Katherine married architect David Adler. The Keiths sold the house to typesetter Rolla W. McClure, who had been renting it since the 1910s, on March 1, 1923. McClure then converted the residence to a boarding house. The building passed through two other owners before it was purchased and opened as the Prairie House Café in 1970. It was sold to the Fung family in 1975, then purchased by the Martorinas in 2001. It is one of only eight surviving Prairie Avenue houses.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The three-story house was originally constructed between two other buildings; thus, it only has significant architectural details on its 25 ft front (eastern) elevation. Likewise, all elevations are brick except for the ashlar limestone front facade. To the front, the roof is steeply pitched in a cross formation, is capped with a stone finial, and features a decorative panel in its triangular gable. The rear of the house has a flat roof. The facade features a two-story, bowed front bay topped by an ornamental copper roof. All windows are double-hung sash with wooden frames. The five small windows on the third floor are arched and the first floor windows feature transoms. The front stairs are also limestone and lead to a wooden door.</p><br>
<p>The Rees is one of the three remaining Romanesque Revival buildings on Chicagos Near South Side. The style was considered pricey at the time and mostly saw use in public buildings such as Adler & Sullivans Auditorium Building instead of private residences. However, other areas in Chicago such as Armour Square did have an unusual abundance of Romanesque townhouses.</p><br>
<h2>Preservation and relocation</h2><br>
<p>The house was recognized by the National Park Service with a listing on the National Register of Historic Places on May 22, 2007. Locally, it was recognized as a Chicago Landmark in 2012.</p><br>
<p>The house was threatened by the development of a new McCormick Place entertainment complex, which will include a basketball stadium for DePaul University and a 1,200-room Marriott Hotel. The move attracted interest beyond Chicago.</p><br>
<p>Thirumullavaram Beach , is one of the popular beaches in the city of Kollam and a beautiful tourism destination in the state of Kerala. The beach is situated at Thirumullavaram, an important neighbourhood of Kollam city. The beach is very famous for conducting the Karkidaka Vavubali rituals. Thousands of devotees arrive on the beach to perform the Vavubali Tharpanam every year. It is one of the most attractive beaches located in South India.</p><br>
<h2>Importance of Thirumullavaram beach</h2><br>
<p>Thirumullavaram beach is one among the twin beautiful beaches in the Cashew Capital of the World. The secluded beach soothe your mind and body with its natural beautyThe beach will give an estuary feel for the tourists as the area is full of coconut palms which makes the place a shady paradise and it is a very silent place. The beach is ideal for early morning walks The beach is ideal for swimming and sun bathing and no danger zones are identified. The beach is connected with all the major roads around the state and it can be easily accessed to reach the place. The taste of local cuisine that is mostly flavoured with coconut and spices like cardamom, black pepper, cloves, cinnamon and ginger are also attract a good number of visitors. A water hillock named Njarazhcha Para which means Sunday Rock, is another allurement for the tourists visiting here. During low tides, this hillock can be seen clearly from the shore about one and a half km into the sea.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The beach is situated at 6 km away from the heart of Kollam city. It is a beautiful picnic centre and has frequent bus connections to the city. Kollam KSRTC Bus station is situated at a distance of 5 from here. The nearest rail head is Kollam Junction railway station, which is 7 km away. The nearest airport is Thiruvananthapuram International Airport which is at a distance of 80 km.</p><br>
<h3>Major road destinations</h3><br>
<p>Thangassery - 3 km</p><br>
<p>Kollam KSRTC Bus station - 5 km</p><br>
<p>Kollam Beach - 6 km</p><br>
<p>Chinnakada - 6 km</p><br>
<p>Kollam Junction railway station - 7 km</p><br>
<p>Karunagappalli - 22 km</p><br>
<p>Paravur - 29 km</p><br>
<p>Paravur railway station - 29 km</p><br>
<p>Thekkumbhagam beach - 33 km</p><br>
<p>The Orr School is a historic school building at 831 Laurel Street in Texarkana, Arkansas. It is a single story wood frame structure, with a hip roof that has exposed rafters. It is clad in white shiplap siding. The interior has a long, narrow hallway dividing classrooms on either side. The school was built c. 1880, and is the only surviving building in Texarkana associated with the life of the noted African-American composer Scott Joplin , the "father of American Ragtime". The building was originally two stories in height, but was reduced to one in 1920, when then hip roof and some of its Craftsman-style window treatment was added. It was purchased from the city by the City Federation of Women&#39;s Clubs in 1958.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.</p><br>
<p>Jondaryan Woolshed is a heritage-listed shearing shed at Evanslea Road, Jondaryan, Queensland, Australia. It was built in 1859-60 to replace an earlier, smaller woolshed on the former Jondaryan pastoral station, which was at one stage the largest freehold station in Queensland. The woolshed was the scene of significant labour conflict in the late 1880s and early 1890s, as the station became a test case for the new Queensland Shearers Union in the lead-up to the 1891 Australian shearers&#39; strike.</p><br>
<p>In 1946, Jondaryan Estates, the pastoral company which owned Jondaryan Station, was liquidated. The station&#39;s remaining lands, apart from 2,000 acres adjoining the homestead, were subdivided and sold, and the woolshed passed into separate ownership. In 1972, the then owner of the property offered the woolshed and 12 acres of land to the people of Jondaryan. The Jondaryan Woolshed Historical Museum and Park Association was formed in 1976, and the site was subsequently developed into a tourist attraction. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<p>The Jondaryan Homestead site also largely survives, although the original house was destroyed by fire in 1937. It is separately listed on the Queensland Heritage Register.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Darling Downs was visited in 1827 by botanist and explorer Allan Cunningham. A demand for land was growing as free settlement increased and Cunningham reported favourably on the potential of the area for grazing. European settlement was delayed for some years, however, because the presence of the penal colony at Moreton Bay restricted access to the area. In the 1830s pastoral settlement in New South Wales pushed northwards as graziers looked for new land and in 1840 the first sheep run was established on the Downs, to be rapidly followed by others. Henry Dennis chose land between Oakey Creek west to Myall Creek as a pastoral run in 1840. Although he had come to the Downs looking for suitable land for others, he failed to register this run, which he had reputedly wanted for himself, and in 1842 Charles Coxen took it up. Coxen sent his nephew Henry to run the property and it was he who named the place "Jondaryan", thought to be a corruption of an Aboriginal name for a large lagoon. Henry Coxen established the first simple homestead in 1844, but built a new one later that year on the site of the present homestead, now separated from the woolshed by Evanslea Road, to avoid the lightning strikes experienced at the first location. He also constructed other buildings including a small shearing shed.</p><br>
<p>In 1845, the Coxens gave up the property and for some years southern investors owned it. The run originally consisted of 13,000 acres but land was added and by 1855 it comprised 128,000 acres. Robert and Edwin Tooth, who were also founders of the Tooth and Co. brewery, the Colonial Sugar Refining Company and the Bank of New South Wales, purchased Jondaryan for £30,000 in 1856. The Tooths began to buy large sections of the run under their pre-emptive rights to purchase their leased land. In 1858 the partnership of Kent and Weinholt, which owned adjoining properties, sub-leased Jondaryan, managed by James C White.</p><br>
<p>It was an era when wool prices were high and the pastoral industry was buoyant. Kent and Weinholt began a program of extending and improving facilities on Jondaryan. Between 1859 and 1861, 7 men worked for a total of 40 weeks cutting slabs and shingles. Large quantities of timber was also pit sawn into planks. A considerable amount of building was undertaken including that of a small church to serve the station community, called St Annes, shearers quarters (1860), a new station store (1862), a butchers shop, a hide and tallow house and a stable and coach house (1862).</p><br>
<p>J. C. White, who had at one time worked as a Clerk of Works for the Colonial Architect&#39;s office in New South Wales Government, designed the new woolshed. T. Jones, a carpenter, carried out the construction, which was commenced in 1859. The roof was originally intended to be shingled, but in 1860 it was decided to use imported corrugated iron sheeting instead. The building was T shaped, comprising a short central section for baling and loading the wool, with two long wings set at right angles to this. Sheep moved into the building from each end, processing through pens to a shearing board with 52 stands on the perimeter and thence to counting out pens. The first shearing was conducted in 1861 and after this alterations were made to improve the design by builders Charles Hines & Co. These included excavating under the woolshed, gutting and refitting the building, and levelling and paving the yards with cobblestones. In 1863, Kent and Wienholt purchased the property for £108,000. The partnership had interest in other pastoral properties and also acquired adjoining stations to Jondaryan using it as a head station responsible for the distribution of pay, equipment and rations. Stations at the time had small "village" communities for employees, there being a considerable number of people living on Jondaryan apart from the manager and his family. Accommodation for workers and their families and facilities such as a store, blacksmiths and other trades essential for running stations in an isolated area were built.</p><br>
<p>In 1867 the Western railway line passed through Jondaryan land and reached Dalby in 1868. A settlement developed around the railway station at Jondaryan, taking on the same name, and by the 1870s had about 100 inhabitants. A Divisional Board was formed in 1879 and the Shire of Jondaryan in 1903, the importance of Jondaryan station to the area being reflected by the participation of its managers as Chairmen.</p><br>
<p>Sheep from other stations were sent to be sheared at Jondaryan woolshed. In the 1873 season, 24,000 sheep shorn were from other properties. In 1891 machine shearing was brought in at Jondaryan and the number of stands reduced to 36.</p><br>
<p>Jondaryan continued to expand with the acquisition of land and reached a maximum size of 300,000 acres. It was at one time the largest freehold station in Queensland with 155,000 acres of freehold land. It played a part in the struggle for improved wages and conditions in the pastoral industry that culminated in the 1891 Australian shearers&#39; strike. The owners and managers of such large stations as Jondaryan had considerable power to dictate terms to an itinerant workforce recruited for the shearing season. In 1887 the Queensland Shearers Union was formed at Blackall. Within a year it had 1300 members, indicating a perceived need for collective bargaining to obtain fair pay and working conditions.</p><br>
<p>Jondaryan became an early test case because in 1888 its management used non-union labour and the union shearers refused to sign on for the following season. In 1889, the graziers banded together in response to union demands and moved to reduce pay rates. Jondaryan manager, Charles Williams, was a foundation member of the United Graziers Association. Many workers now joined the unions, pushing membership of the Shearers Union over 3000 and the Labourers Union to 2,250. At Jondaryan, no union members were employed for the 1889 season and in retaliation the shed was placed under union ban in 1890. The sheep were sheared by non-union labour but the clip was held up at each stage of its shipment, as members of other unions would not handle it. Bales of Jondaryan wool stood on the wharves until a compromise was negotiated. It was the first occasion on which unions had worked in federation, leading to the Barcaldine strike of 1891 and the subsequent formation of the Labor party.</p><br>
<p>In 1894 the Kent and Weinholt partnership was dissolved and a new company called Jondaryan Estates Company of Australia (Pty) Limited was formed, comprising Jondaryan and other properties. From the 1890s much of the leasehold land was resumed for agricultural use and wheat and lucerne was grown on Jondaryan for its own use. In 1906, the sale of the freehold portions was compelled by new land regulations, although by the early 1920s it was still one of the biggest of the Darling Downs properties and still shearing sheep for other stations.</p><br>
<p>In 1937 the homestead building burnt down and was rebuilt, but in the 1940s land sales continued to reduce the property. It was decided to voluntarily sell land directly, giving preference to former employees and men with previous farming experience, rather than allow the land to be disposed of through government ballot. From 1 January 1946, Jondaryan ceased to exist as a station and the company was wound up, though the homestead and 2000 acres on the southern bank of the creek were retained. It was at this time that the block containing the woolshed was sold and it is thought that part of the western wing was removed to be used as farm machinery shed. One of original blocks of shearers&#39; quarters remained to the rear of the woolshed.</p><br>
<p>In 1972, following the success of celebrations held at the Jondaryan woolshed to mark the centenary of the Jondaryan State School, the owner of the property offered the woolshed and 12 acres of land to the people of Jondaryan. As a result, the Jondaryan Woolshed Historical Museum and Park Association was formally established in October 1976 and since that time the place has been developed as a tourist attraction. Considerable renewal and reconstruction work has been carried out on the woolshed including the reconstruction of the western wing. From 1977 an annual Australian Heritage Festival has been held at the woolshed and the remaining shearers&#39; quarters were adapted in 1978 to provide backpacker accommodation.</p><br>
<p>A considerable number of buildings from the surrounding district have been moved onto the site. Some were built on Jondaryan or its outstations, but have been relocated, such as an 1850s blacksmiths shop (relocated 1977); a shepherds hut from Mt Moriah (relocated 1978); the 1880s Lagoon Creek homestead (relocated 1982) and a shepherds hut (relocated 1978)</p><br>
<p>There are also a number of buildings from other places such as the Woodleigh Cheese factory (relocated 1994); the Jondaryan Railway Station (relocated 1998), a shepherds hut from Cecil Plains (relocated 1994); a police lockup from Peranga (relocated 1980); the Evanslea bagged grain shed (relocated 1979); the Oakey Bank of New South Wales (relocated 1986) and a railway building from Bongeen, now used as a barbers shop.</p><br>
<p>An array of buildings has also been constructed including a dairy, sulky shed, hayshed, sawmill, barn, and shepherd&#39;s hut, together with various display pavilions, machinery sheds and yards. In addition a number of sheds have been erected for storage purposes. There is a large collection of farm machinery and tractors on the site. The new and relocated buildings are not included in the Queensland Heritage Register entry.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Jondaryan Woolshed is located about 3 kilometres south of the town of Jondaryan on a flat area close to Oakey Creek. It is now a focal point within the Jondaryan Woolshed Historical Museum and Park. In addition to the woolshed and associated shearers&#39; quarters (now separated from the remains of the original Jondaryan Homestead by Evanslea Road), the complex is home to a number of relocated buildings from the district.</p><br>
<p>The woolshed is a large T-shaped building consisting of a main section running approximately east west, with a short stem of the T facing north. It is constructed of timber with a gabled roof clad in corrugated iron and is set within a system of timber yards.</p><br>
<p>The main section of the building houses the pens, board and wool classing areas. It has a central space with side aisles and timber trusses support the roof. The walls are clad with timber slabs, both original and recent replacements for the vertical corrugated iron sheeting which clad the walls of the west wing. The floors are timber with spaced boards in the pens to allow sheep droppings to fall through. The wool classing area has a rolling table for the fleeces, and has been extended over time.</p><br>
<p>The central section to the north has a small projecting gable formed by an extension of the roof which houses the pulleys of the wool-bale loading hoist. This area was a wool storage area that led from the classing bins and the wool presses in the same wing.</p><br>
<p>The shearers&#39; quarters is a rectangular timber framed building to the rear of the woolshed. It has a gabled roof clad in corrugated iron and walls clad in vertical corrugated iron sheeting. It has a verandah running the length of one side supported on timber posts. Doors open onto this. At the rear are top hinged corrugated iron shutters. It is used for accommodation.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Jondaryan Woolshed was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Jondaryan station, established in the early 1840s, was one of the earliest and largest pastoral enterprises on the Darling Downs. It preceded the settlement of towns and acted as a catalyst for closer settlement by providing employment and facilities for a large number of employees and their families in the area. The woolshed, which was erected in 1859-60 as part of a programme of expansion on Jondaryan, reflects the growth and prosperity of the wool industry in the decade between the mid 1850s and 60s. In its materials, construction methods and the way in which it has been designed to facilitate rapid processing of sheep to be shorn, it illustrates a number of aspects of the Australian wool industry in the nineteenth century. Changes, such as the extension of the wool table to accommodate fleeces from larger breeds of sheep, are also important in demonstrating changes within the industry. Jondaryan played a part in the early stages of the conflict between owners and labour in the pastoral industry that culminated in the Barcaldine Shearers&#39; Strike of 1891 and the formation of the Labor party.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The Jondaryan Woolshed is rare as a large and early woolshed in Queensland and is believed to be one of the earliest surviving woolsheds in this state.</p><br>
<p>The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The area surrounding the Jondaryan woolshed is important for its potential, as an archaeological site, to reveal information about the way in which the shed was used and therefore on the early operation of the pastoral industry in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The Jondaryan woolshed retains much of its form and fabric and provides good examples of the design, construction methods and materials used for this type of building in the mid 19th century.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>Its large scale and position on a flat plain make it a striking building in the landscape. Its form and materials as a vernacular building of a type characteristic of the Australian countryside have aesthetic qualities demonstrably well liked by the community.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>Its importance to the people of the local area is shown by community efforts to preserve it as the centrepiece of a complex presenting the history of the area.</p><br>
<p>Jondaryan Homestead is a heritage-listed homestead at Evanslea Road, Jondaryan, Toowoomba Region, Queensland, Australia. It was the base of the former Jondaryan pastoral station, which was originally taken up in 1840, and at one time was the largest freehold station in Queensland. The site contains the current house, which was built after the original was destroyed by fire in 1937, the original kitchen dating from 1844, and a kitchen, butchers shop, shearers quarters, stables, dairy, toilet block and store, many dating from the 1860s. It also contains the remains of horse stalls, a slaughterhouse, hide store, and Chinese gardener&#39;s glasshouse. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<p>The original pastoral station was first subdivided in 1908, with further sales of land in the 1920s, and it ceased to exist as a station when the owners, Jondaryan Estates, went into voluntary liquidation in 1946. The homestead site and 2,000 acres of land remained with the grandson of the company&#39;s founder, but the remainder of the property, including the Jondaryan Woolshed, was sold and subdivided. The woolshed is now a museum and tourist attraction, and is separately listed on the Queensland Heritage Register.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Jondaryan station was originally taken up in 1840 by Henry Dennis and the homestead site today includes a number of early buildings, including the kitchen from the original homestead erected in 1844 and several outbuildings constructed during the early 1860s.</p><br>
<p>In 1840 the search for pastoral land in New South Wales extended north to the Darling Downs. The Leslie brothers followed the path of Allan Cunningham onto the Downs in 1840 and established at Canning Downs the first station in the district. Other squatters soon followed. Jondaryan station was taken up by Henry Dennis, an employee of Sir Richard Todd Scougall of Liverpool Plains station in New South Wales, during this initial push into the region. Along with the Jondaryan lands he claimed the Jimbour Station and Myall Creek properties for Scougall. However, he failed to register the claim to Jondaryan and in 1842 Charles Coxen took up the estate.</p><br>
<p>Coxen was born at Ramsgate in Kent, England, in 1809 and arrived in Sydney in 1834. He had a strong interest in natural history and was a founding member of the Queensland Museum in 1862. Coxen was also active in the Queensland Philosophical Society, which was formed in 1859, and held several public offices during his career. Although chiefly known as a naturalist and politician, Charles was also associated with a large number of pastoral properties in southern Queensland. His initial pastoral experience was at Yarrundi station in the Hunter River valley, the property of his older brother, Stephen Coxen. From there he moved to a property on the Peel River as manager and in 1842 instructed his nephew, Henry William Coxen, to move to Jondaryan as superintendent. Henry Coxen was to become one of Queensland&#39;s most prosperous landowners, with an interest in at least 17 grazing leases, and at Jondaryan he was responsible for overseeing the initial improvements to the station.</p><br>
<p>By November 1843, when the Commissioner of Crown Lands for New South Wales visited Jondaryan, the site included 3 huts reputedly built by James Chatman, a convict carpenter who accompanied Henry Coxen on the trek from Yarrundi to Jondaryan. At this time there were just 7 residents at the station, but by the following year that number had doubled. The Commissioner of Crown Lands records for 1844 indicate that the number of huts on the site had decreased to 2, but 4 stables had been erected by that time and work began on the first house at Jondaryan. Chatman, who had obtained a ticket-of-leave in March 1844, was again employed to build what was believed to be a rudimentary slab or bark structure. However, the ironstone ridge on which this house was built attracted lightening strikes during storms and in late 1844 it was decided to erect a new residence 2 miles upstream, where the present homestead now stands. It was constructed from sturdy iron bark slabs and floors, and remained in use as the main house at Jondaryan until 30 December 1937 when it was destroyed by fire. The kitchen, which remains on site, is the only surviving part of the original house. At much the same time that this house was being built, other slab structures were erected to support the workings of the station, including a small shearing shed and yard.</p><br>
<p>The physical development of Jondaryan in the mid-1840s is also reflected in the increase in the stations holdings. By 1845, the size of the property had risen from the original 13,000 acres to 65,000 acres, and was stocked with both sheep and cattle. At this time, the land was owned by the Crown and occupied by licence. In 1847, the regulations regarding land settlement were changed and the lands of Jondaryan were converted to leasehold tenure. After Charles Coxen disposed of his interests in Jondaryan in 1845, the property passed to James Macabrieu Andrews and Robert Tertius Campbell. Campbell was grandson of Robert Campbell, one of Australias earliest settlers, and was Director of the Bank of New South Wales and Bank of Australasia. He never resided at Jondaryan, preferring instead to stay in Sydney and to leave Andrews in charge of managing the property. In 1850, Campbell transferred his interest to John Gilchrist, Andrews&#39; brother-in-law, before the leasehold was sold in 1854 to Donald Coutts and Walter Gray. In Coutts and Grey applied to purchase the freehold on a block comprising the homestead and woolshed.</p><br>
<p>Further leasehold land was added to Jondaryan by the mid-1850s, with its total area covering around 125,000 acres when brothers Robert and Edwin Tooth acquired the leasehold in 1856. They also made the last payment on the freehold block purchased in. The Tooth brothers were merchants and brewers, with an interest in the bank of New South Wales as well as the Colonial Sugar Refining Company established in 1855. They resided in Sydney during their tenure of Jondaryan. James Charles White was manager of the property and continued there for 12 years after William Kent and Edward Wienholt became sub-lessees of Jondaryan in 1858. For the next ten years, Jondaryan entered a phase of prosperity and growth as conditions on the Darling Downs allowed pastoralists to accumulate previously unparalleled profits. Some of these profits were used to purchase portions of the leaseholding. By 1867, more than 22,000 acres of Jondaryan&#39;s 154 square miles of land had been purchased under pre-emptive right, making Jondaryan one of the largest freehold properties of the district at that time.</p><br>
<p>Profits from pastoralism were also used by Jondaryans owners to improve the homestead site and station records indicate significant building activities were being carried on during the early 1860s. In 1860, the main residence was renovated, perhaps in anticipation of Governor Bowens visit the following year, and quarters for the stations shearers were erected. A new butchers shop, store, hides and tallow house, stables and St Annes Anglican Church were erected around this time, and the Jondaryan Woolshed, was also completed during the early 1860s. As a homestead complex, Jondaryan had reached a state of completion during the 1860s, which was reflected upon in The Queenslander in 1922: "cottages for employees, stables and enclosures for stud stock, and other buildings make quite a little township of themselves, and add to the completeness of the station". For an earlier visitor to the site, who is quoted in Jondaryan Woolshed (1998), the head station "was a very comfortable residence, very similar to the country gentlemens house in England, except that it was all on one floor with a verandah all round and built of wood, and therefore covered a considerable extent of ground. It was surrounded by a vineyard, a garden full of flowers and fruit and vegetables, with a nice stream of water flowing past the front garden, where one could indulge in the luxury of a swim".</p><br>
<p>In 1863, Kent and Weinholt acquired Jondaryan station from the Tooth brothers for £108,000 and they formed a company, which they ultimately called Jondaryan Estates. With an interest in some 40 holdings in southern and central Queensland, Jondaryan Estates became one of Queensland&#39;s largest pastoral companies. Jondaryan station continued to grow through the 1870s and 1880s, with a combined area of more than 300,000 acres of leasehold and freehold land. During the 1890s, despite the increase in freehold land to over 162,000 acres, the size of the leasehold area was reduced by government resumptions. From that time, the size of the run was continually decreased. In 1908, the first subdivision of Jondaryan was carried out and in the 1920s further sales of land occurred. By the time Jondaryan Estates entered voluntary liquidation in 1946, 184 individual parcels of land of Jondaryan station had been sold to 220 different owners. William Kent junior, grandson of the founder of Jondaryan Estates, retained the homestead site, which comprised some 2,000 acres of land, but as a result of the subdivisions the woolshed site was in the hands of different owners. The homestead property remained in the possession of the Kent family until 1974.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Jondaryan Homestead property is located on Evanslea Road, about 3.5 km south-west of the township of Jondaryan, which is approximately 45 km west of Toowoomba along the Warrego Highway. The property is partly bordered to the north by Oakey Creek. Significant structures of the Jondaryan Homestead Complex include a kitchen, butchers shop, shearers quarters, stables, dairy, toilet block and store. The present house was built after the original one was destroyed by fire in 1937. There are remnants on the site of a number of other structures, including horse stalls, a killing shed, hide store and Chinese gardener&#39;s glasshouse. There are also a number of gravestones on the property.</p><br>
<h3>House</h3><br>
<p>The present house is essentially rectangular in plan. Its sits low to the ground and has a hipped roof clad in corrugated iron. Its long facades are oriented east and west. The walls are clad in chamfer boards. A long verandah extending approximately three quarters of the length of the house opens to the east. Its edge is defined by square timber columns, between which are fitted canvas blinds and low timber benches. Two sets of casements windows open off this facade; one has four sashes, and the other three. All sashes have four lights. Three sets of French doors open onto the verandah, each door having five lights. There is a bank of awning windows on the western facade. Each column has three awning sashes in it. The covered walkway leading to the kitchen building connects to the house on this facade. To the north of this point are a series of large timber-framed double-hung sash windows.</p><br>
<h3>Kitchen</h3><br>
<p>The kitchen building, adjacent to the western side of the house, has a gable roof, with separate skillion roofs attached to one long and one short side. A further skillion verandah roof wraps around the remaining sides. This joins the covered walkway described above. All roofs are clad in corrugated, galvanised iron. The gable roof has timber finials at each end. A brick fireplace and chimneystack fits between the main gable-roofed core of the building and the area under the long skillion roof. The exterior walls are clad in weatherboards, while the interior ones are partly lined with horizontal, beaded, tongue-and-groove boards. The ceilings are lined to match the walls, and under the skillion roof, follow its slope. The floors are lined with shot-edge timber boards.</p><br>
<h3>Butcher's Shop</h3><br>
<p>The butcher&#39;s shop is located to the south-west of the house. It is rectangular in plan, has a gable roof and sits on low timber stumps. Surrounding this core structure on all sides is a skillion verandah roof, the supporting posts of which bear directly into the ground. A proportion of the walls of the core are made of horizontal slabs slotted into vertical posts, while the remainder is open timber framing. The gable ends are clad in rough-sawn weatherboards, and pierced by timber-bladed vent panels. The bargeboards and fascias to the gable roof are simply scalloped, and a timber finial is attached to one end. All roofs are clad in corrugated iron.</p><br>
<p>On the interior, the roof framing to both the gable and skillion roofs is exposed. A number of horizontal roof ties are in place. The edges of the corrugated iron cladding to the verandah roofs extend, for a short distance, inside the wall line. The interior space is divided by a number of partial walls made either of framing alone, timber doors, or horizontal slabs. The height of these walls matches the top-plate height of the exterior walls. The floor is lined with shot-edge timber boards.</p><br>
<h3>Shearers' Quarters</h3><br>
<p>The quarters for the shearers have a broken-backed, hipped roof clad in corrugated iron. Sitting on timber stumps, the building is adjacent to the north-eastern corner of the house. A chimneystack pierces the roof sheeting at a central point along the ridge. Some of the structure&#39;s walls are clad in weatherboards, while the remainder are made of corrugated iron insulated with charcoal (according to both the NTQ & AHC descriptions). Between timber columns with capitals, the balustrading to the verandah is made of timber frames in which wool bail straps are fitted diagonally.</p><br>
<h3>Stables</h3><br>
<p>The stable building is located south of the house. It forms a long, narrow rectangle in plan, and has a gable roof clad in corrugated iron. The gable ends are clad in weatherboards, while the remaining walls are made of vertical slabs fitted between timber posts, which are positioned at corners, openings, and other structural intervals. One short wall, below the gable weatherboards, is open. All timber appears to be hand-worked or split, except the northern end&#39;s bargeboards, which are simply carved. The other gable end has a timber-framed, fixed-glass window, with six lights. A number of wide timber doors open into the adjoining timber-fenced yard, above which are hinged timber-paling gates. A window opens from the opposite elevation, which also has a number of wide, doorless openings. The building sits directly on the ground. Inside the roof framing is exposed. The long space is divided by a slab wall at one end, and a number of timber stalls. Two gabled coach sheds are located adjacent to the open facade.</p><br>
<h3>Dairy</h3><br>
<p>In 1999, the dairy was covered in creepers, but its interior was still accessible via a side door. Located on the northern end of the kitchen, it has a pyramid roof, on the underside of which shingles are still visible. Corrugated iron may be the exterior roof cladding. Part of the floor is lined with shot-edge timber boards. The floor to the entrance area appears to be made of flagstones. The walls, some of which appear to be at an angle, are lined, both on the interior and exterior, with timber weatherboards. There are also a number of openings in the walls. There are remains of vents fitted into the ceiling and floor.</p><br>
<h3>Toilet Block</h3><br>
<p>The toilet block, located about 7m to the north of the kitchen, is a narrow rectangle in plan. Its roof is hipped and clad in corrugated iron. The fascias are simply scalloped timber. The building sits on low timber stumps and its interior can be accessed, on one long side, via a short flight of timber steps. On the other long side, the ground is essentially level with the floor of the building. The wall framing is exposed, and chamfer boards line the interior. There are a number of small timber-framed windows, one of which has a single awning sash. A concrete encased sewerage line attaches to one short end of the structure.</p><br>
<h3>Chinese Gardener's Glasshouse</h3><br>
<p>This small structure sits adjacent to the eastern end of the toilet block, in the vicinity of the northern elevation of the house. Its gable roof is clad in corrugated iron, and covered by a flowering vine. There is a timber board door in the eastern facade. On the northern and southern facades are a series of square glass panes in timber frames. The sill height for these windows is approximately 1.2m high. Below this level the walls are made concrete, in which the outlines of formwork are still visible. On the eastern and western building faces, the gable ends above this level are filled with painted brick. The timber bargeboards are also simply scalloped.</p><br>
<h3>Store</h3><br>
<p>The store is an L-shaped building, with gable roof projections clad in corrugated iron. It is located between the butchers shop and stables, to the south of the house. The walls are clad in weatherboards. The building has a small number of doors and double-hung sash windows, all of which have six lights in each sash. Two small timber-slated vent panels are fitted into the gable end of the short wing of the structure. Two timber-board awning windows open out of one of the short wings facades. The wall and roof framing is exposed on the interior. The floor is lined with shot-edge timber boards.</p><br>
<h3>Horse Stalls</h3><br>
<p>There are two horse stalls located next to one another. Each has a gable roof clad in corrugated iron. The gables are clad in hand-worked weatherboards, while the walls are made of vertical timber slabs fitted between timber posts.</p><br>
<h3>Killing Shed</h3><br>
<p>This structure consists of two gable-roofed components, the larger of which has the line of its ridge positioned perpendicular to the other. While the larger, steeply pitched roof is constructed to correspond to the general height of people, the secondary roof is set above this by almost a metre. The larger, lower roof is supported by four timber posts, but the smaller one is supported by only two. Between the timber posts are fitted a number of timber slab rails.</p><br>
<h3>Grounds</h3><br>
<p>The zone occupied by the house, kitchen and shearers quarters has a number of established trees in it, including a tall palm. This area also has a tended lawn. A dirt roadway separates it from the butchers shop, store and stables. Some fencing is visible to the north of the toilet block and "glasshouse".</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Jondaryan Homestead was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Jondaryan station was one of the earliest runs taken up in the Darling Downs region at the beginning of the 1840s.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>Despite the destruction of most of the original homestead by fire, a number of early buildings remain substantially intact on the Jondaryan site. These include a kitchen from the original homestead erected in 1844, and a butcher&#39;s shop and stables constructed during the early 1860s. They clearly demonstrate the operation of a large pastoral holding in Queensland from the earliest days of such activity in the area. The stables, horse stalls and killing shed are fine examples of slab construction from the early 1860s.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Jondaryan has a special association with the Kent family, who owned the homestead property for over 100 years. The family became sub-lessees in 1858, and co-owners of the property in 1863. The company the Kents helped found, Jondaryan Estates, of which the Jondaryan run was a significant component, developed into one of Queensland&#39;s largest pastoral companies.</p><br>
<p>St Annes Anglican Church is a heritage-listed church at Evanslea Road, Jondaryan, Toowoomba Region, Queensland, Australia. It is also known as the Jondaryan Homestead Church and St Annes Church of England. It was built in 1859 by Hugh Bradford as a private chapel for the former Jondaryan pastoral station, and the first service was held by preacher Benjamin Glennie late that year. The church also served the new township of Jondaryan, and was moved to its present site, with alterations, in 1893.</p><br>
<p>Regular services are still held at the church today, which is now a minor tourist attraction. It is the oldest surviving church on the Darling Downs,</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The timber slab church of St Annes is one of Queenslands oldest churches and was constructed in 1859 as a private chapel originally located at Jondaryan Station.</p><br>
<p>Jondaryan was originally taken up in 1842 by Charles Coxen and was first run by his nephew, Henry. After changing hands several times, it was purchased in 1856 by Robert and Edwin Tooth, who were also involved in establishing the Tooth and Co. brewery and the Colonial Sugar Refining Company. In 1858 it was leased by Kent and Weinholt who owned adjoining properties and was purchased by them in 1863 following Tooth&#39;s bankruptcy. Jondaryan was managed for them by James C. White. Stations at the time had small "village" communities for employees, there being a considerable number of people living on Jondaryan apart from the manager and his family. Pastoral stations provided accommodation for workers and facilities such as a store, blacksmiths and other trades essential for running a station in an isolated area. By 1870 Jondaryan had over 500 employees. The first itinerant minister for the Darling Downs was the energetic pioneer clergyman Reverend Benjamin Glennie. In 1848 he was appointed to serve Moreton Bay and could only make infrequent visits, but from 1850 he was based at Drayton. He conducted services at a number of stations on the Downs as the first church was not built until 1856 in Toowoomba.</p><br>
<p>Churchgoing was important to the social structure of the community as well as spiritually and in 1859, James White is said to have arranged for an unknown Melbourne architect to provide a design for a church for Jondaryan. The station underwent an extensive building program from 1860 including building a new homestead, and the construction of the church may have been a first step in this upgrading of facilities. It was constructed by an Irish carpenter called Hugh Bradford and used materials from Jondaryan and ordered in from Toowoomba. The first service in the new church was conducted by the Reverend Benjamin Glennie, on 23 October 1859, an event recorded in his diary. A Sunday school was also run by Mr White&#39;s wife, Anne, for children living on the station. Though Glennie was Anglican, the church was available for the use of other denominations amongst the Jondaryan workers.</p><br>
<p>A township developed nearby also called Jondaryan and became more important after the coming of the Western railway line in 1868. Even so, its fortunes were closely tied up with those of the station and the station church of St Annes remained the towns place of worship.</p><br>
<p>During the severe floods of 1893, the church was the only building on the station above water level. Later in that year it was decided to move the church to its present site, about 1.6 km from the Jondaryan township to a site donated by Thomas Taylor who owned the hotel there and also presented a carved lectern to the church.</p><br>
<p>When the building was re-located, a vestry was added, the ceiling and sanctuary were lined and the nave floor was lowered. It passed from private ownership to the Anglican Diocese of Brisbane and was dedicated on 18 December 1893. A carved Bishop&#39;s chair of Queensland beech was presented at the time. The pine pews and silky oak prayer book case were made by the Jondaryan station carpenter.</p><br>
<p>In 1988-1890 reinforced concrete piers were introduced along the north and south walls to support steel beams inserted above the original timber stumps, which are no longer load bearing.</p><br>
<p>Regular services are still held at the church, which is also a tourist attraction.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>St Anne&#39;s comprises a four bay nave with a clerestory. It is entered by a small gabled porch and has a chancel with a raised floor and a lower independent gable roof. The vestry on the south has a lower floor level than the church and is reached by steps. The building is on timber stumps and the roof is clad with corrugated iron and has a small belfry at the western end. There are scalloped barge boards to the front and rear of the building. The construction is largely of vertical slab and batten construction with the chamfered timber slabs of the east and west clerestory walls, the vestry and the lower gable walls laid horizontally with the upper section clad in weatherboards. The windows are narrow lancets and the clerestory lights are set in square frames. The sanctuary window is set with borders of coloured glass.</p><br>
<p>Inside, the roof is supported by kingpost trusses and square hardwood posts. The walls of the clerestory and chancel are lined in horizontal beaded pine boards. The adzed ironbark slabs of the walls are exposed in the aisles. It is simply furnished with an altar table, lectern, altar rails and timber pews.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>St Annes Anglican Church, Jondaryan was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>St Anne&#39;s Church demonstrates the pattern of Queensland history by providing evidence for the way in which early pastoral runs were run as small communities. Jondaryan, run by the Tooths, an important pioneer pastoral family on the Darling Downs, had a "village" for its employees and their families</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>St Anne&#39;s is the earliest surviving church on the Downs and one of the oldest in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>It preserves examples of early building techniques using locally available materials.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>It has considerable aesthetic appeal.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>It has a long association with families of Jondaryan and the community in and around Jondaryan township.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>It is also associated with the life and work of the Reverend Benjamin Glennie, the first incumbent Anglican clergyman on the Downs.</p><br>
